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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2021 May 7;53(1):274–282. doi: 10.1017/S003329172100146X

Table 2.

Sociodemographic correlates of non-suicidal self-injury (unweighted n = 7,192).

Sociodemographic Characteristics Lifetime NSSI
% (SE)a Odds Ratio (95% CI) P
Sex
 Female 4.99 (0.41) 1.06 (0.80 – 1.39) .69
 Male 4.73 (0.44) 1.00
Race/Ethnicity
 Racial/ethnic minority 3.68 (0.94) 0.73 (.43 – 1.23) .24
 White 4.98 (0.29) 1.00
Age (years)
 18–29 10.60 (1.07) 8.47 (5.74 – 12.50) <.001
 30–39 6.00 (0.75) 4.56 (3.04 – 6.84) <.001
 40–49 5.86 (0.66) 4.45 (3.05 – 6.48) <.001
 ≥50 1.38 (0.21) 1.00
Education
 Bachelor’s degree 4.84 (0.64) 1.00
 Teaching, Higher National Diploma, or nursing 4.48 (1.04) 0.92 (0.54 – 1.59) .77
 A Level 5.46 (0.82) 1.14 (0.73 – 1.76) .56
 General certificate or secondary education 5.34 (0.60) 1.11 (0.77 – 1.59) .57
 Other qualifications 4.34 (1.38) 0.89 (0.43 – 1.85) .76
 No qualifications 4.20 (0.46) 0.86 (0.61 – 1.22) .40
Lived with biological parents throughout childhood
 None 8.21 (2.11) 2.17 (1.24 – 3.81) <.01
 One 9.09 (1.05) 2.43 (1.83 – 3.22) <.001
 Both 3.96 (0.26) 1.00
Marital status
 Never married 9.19 (0.93) 2.60 (1.97 – 3.43) <.001
 Widowed, separated, or divorced 3.93 (0.51) 1.05 (0.76 – 1.45) .77
 Married or cohabiting 3.75 (0.31) 1.00
Household incomeb
 Top quintile (≥ £40,384) 3.12 (0.52) 1.00
 2nd quintile (£24,700 – £40,383) 4.28 (0.67) 1.39 (0.85 – 2.26) .19
 3rd quintile (£16,195 – £24,699) 4.76 (0.73) 1.55 (1.00 – 2.40) <.05
 4th quintile (£10,575 – £16,194) 4.14 (0.64) 1.34 (0.85 – 2.12) .21
 Bottom quintile (≤ £10,574) 8.70 (0.94) 2.96 (1.96 – 4.46) <.001
Overall Index of Multiple Deprivation
 Top quintile 3.94 (0.61) 1.00
 2nd quintile 3.02 (0.47) 0.76 (0.46 – 1.25) .28
 3rd quintile 4.61 (0.66) 1.18 (0.78 – 1.79) .44
 4th quintile 5.25 (0.73) 1.35 (0.88 – 2.08) .17
 Bottom quintile 7.71 (0.83) 2.04 (1.37 – 3.03) <.001

Note.

a

Weighted prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury is presented for each sociodemographic characteristic.

b

Family income was weighted using McClements equivalence scores.