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. 2023 Jun 26;15(6):548–560. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i6.548

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©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Signaling pathways involved in osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and the mechanism of certain factors. TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta.