Fig. 3.

_{Mechanism for IL-1β/IL-1R-related inflammatory signaling pathway. IL-1β/IL-1R complex is generated by the heterodimer signaling receptors and cytokine. The TIR domain, an intercellular signaling protein motif between receptors and adaptors, associates with adaptor MyD88, thus resulting in recruitment of IRAK and dimerized TRAF6. This subsequently activates multiple downstream signaling pathways including IκB-kinase complex and MAPK. Activation of transcription factors including NF-κB and AP-1 results in diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. IL-1β: interleukin-1β, IL-1RI: interleukin-1 receptor type I, TIR: toll/interleukin-1 receptor, MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88, IRAK: interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase, TRAF6: TNF receptor-associated factor 6, TNF: tumor necrosis factor, NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB.}