Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the invasive breast cancer cohorts with Chinese origin between the training and the validation set.
| Variables | Training set (n = 434) Number (%) |
Validation set (n = 185) Number (%) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Categorical | |||
| Family breast cancer history | 1.00 # | ||
| No | 400 (64.6%) | 171 (27.6%) | |
| Yes | 34 (5.5%) | 14 (2.3%) | |
| Smoking status | 1.00 $ | ||
| No | 432 (69.8%) | 184 (29.7%) | |
| Yes | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
| Bilateral malignant tumor | 0.07 # | ||
| No | 405 (65.4%) | 180 (29.1%) | |
| Yes | 29 (4.7%) | 5 (0.8%) | |
| Pregnancy post-op | 0.56 $ | ||
| No | 431(69.6.%) | 185 (29.9%) | |
| Yes | 3 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Comorbidity | |||
| No | 421 (68.0%) | 174 (28.1%) | 0.13 # |
| Yes | 13 (2.1%) | 11 (1.8%) | |
| Side | 0.81 # | ||
| Left | 219 (35.4%) | 96 (15.5%) | |
| Right | 215 (34.7%) | 89 (14.4%) | |
| LVI | 0.98 # | ||
| No | 396 (64.0%) | 168 (27.1%) | |
| Yes | 38 (6.1%) | 17 (2.7%) | |
| STI | 0.42 # | ||
| No | 404 (65.3%) | 168 (27.1%) | |
| Yes | 30 (4.8%) | 17 (2.7%) | |
| Grade | 0.05 # | ||
| I | 15 (2.4%) | 6 (1.0%) | |
| II | 359 (58.0%) | 166 (26.8%) | |
| III | 60 (9.7%) | 13 (2.1%) | |
| Multi-focal | 0.80 # | ||
| No | 409 (66.1%) | 176 (28.4%) | |
| Yes | 25 (4.0%) | 9 (1.5%) | |
| AJCC stage | 0.49 # | ||
| I | 139 (22.5%) | 62 (10.0%) | |
| II | 230 (37.2%) | 102 (16.5%) | |
| III | 65 (10.5%) | 21 (3.4%) | |
| Hormonal receptor status | 0.10 # | ||
| Negative | 103 (16.6%) | 32 (5.2%) | |
| Positive | 331 (53.5%) | 153 (24.7%) | |
| Her-2 | 0.29 # | ||
| 0–1+/FISH(-) | 219 (35.4%) | 101 (16.3%) | |
| 2+ | 39 (6.3%) | 21 (3.4%) | |
| 3+/FISH(+) | 58 (9.4%) | 16 (2.6%) | |
| Unknown | 118 (19.1%) | 47 (7.6%) | |
| Ki-67 | 0.29 # | ||
| <15% | 58 (9.4%) | 23 (3.7%) | |
| ≥15% | 234 (37.8%) | 112 (18.1%) | |
| Unknown | 142 (22.9%) | 50 (8.1%) | |
| Chemotherapy | 0.09 # | ||
| None | 11 (1.8%) | 9 (1.5%) | |
| Neoadjuvant | 50 (8.1%) | 18 (2.9%) | |
| Adjuvant | 316 (51.1%) | 144 (23.3%) | |
| Unknown | 57 (9.2%) | 14 (2.3%) | |
| Radiation | 0.14 # | ||
| No | 299 (48.3%) | 139 (22.5%) | |
| Yes | 135 (21.8%) | 46 (7.4%) | |
| Hormonal therapy | 0.23 # | ||
| No | 116 (18.7%) | 42 (6.8%) | |
| Yes | 300 (48.5%) | 139 (22.5%) | |
| Unknown | 18 (2.9%) | 4 (0.6%) | |
| Breast surgery type | 0.16 # | ||
| NSM | 146 (23.6%) | 66 (10.7%) | |
| SSM | 268 (43.3%) | 104 (16.8%) | |
| BCT | 20 (3.2%) | 15 (2.4%) | |
| Axillary surgery | 0.82 # | ||
| SLNB | 61 (9.9%) | 24 (3.9%) | |
| ALND | 373 (60.3%) | 161 (26.0%) | |
| Type of reconstruction | 0.55 # | ||
| Implant-based | 198 (32.0%) | 90 (14.5%) | |
| Autologous | 236 (38.1%) | 95 (15.3%) | |
| Post-op complications | 0.19 # | ||
| No | 376 (60.7%) | 152 (24.6%) | |
| Yes | 58 (9.4%) | 33 (5.3%) | |
| Secondary surgery ϶ | 0.55 # | ||
| no | 402 (64.9%) | 168 (27.1%) | |
| yes | 32 (5.2%) | 17 (2.7%) | |
| Lipo-filling | 0.49 # | ||
| NO | 427 (69.0%) | 184 (29.7%) | |
| YES | 7 (1.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
| Numerical | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | P value |
| Age (years) | 39.8 ± 0.4 | 40.6 ± 0.5 | 0.16 † |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 0.1 | 23.0 ± 0.2 | 0.77 † |
| Positive Nodes | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 0.41 † |
| Total nodes | 18.1 ± 0.4 | 18.6 ± 0.6 | 0.61 † |
| Number of 2nd surgery | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.74 † |
| Number of lipo-filling | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.28 † |
϶ Secondary surgery referred to revision or salvage surgery that were not related to tumor relapse.
LVI, Lymphovascular invasion; STI, Soft tissue invasion; NSM, Nipple-sparing mastectomy; SSM, Skin-sparing mastectomy; BCT, Breast conservation therapy; SLNB, Sentinel lymph node biopsy; ALND, Axillary lymph node dissection; BMI, Body mass index.
# Pearson’s chi-square test.
$ Fisher’s exact test.
† Wilcoxon rank-sum test.