Table 1.
Characteristics of patients, stratified by constipation.
| All patients | Patients with constipation | Patients without constipation | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 541,172 | 270,586 | 270,586 | NA |
| Male, n (%) | 245,650 (45.4) | 122,825 (45.4) | 122,825 (45.4) | 1.000 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 73.7 (8.4) | 73.7 (8.4) | 73.7 (8.4) | 1.000 |
| All cardiovascular events,a n (%) | 172,634 (31.9) | 112,649 (41.6) | 59,985 (22.2) | < 0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 115,863 (21.4) | 75,806 (28.0) | 40,057 (14.8) | < 0.001 |
| Angina, n (%) | 37,262 (6.9) | 26,404 (9.8) | 10,858 (4.0) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 62,288 (11.5) | 42,715 (15.8) | 19,573 (7.2) | < 0.001 |
| TIA, n (%) | 21,868 (4.0) | 15,509 (5.7) | 6,359 (2.3) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 195,062 (36.0) | 132,889 (49.1) | 62,173 (23.0) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 28,400 (5.2) | 20,001 (7.4) | 8,399 (3.1) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 235,013 (43.4) | 139,600 (51.6) | 95,413 (35.3) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 123,103 (22.7) | 75,619 (27.9) | 47,484 (17.5) | < 0.001 |
| Sleep apnoea, n (%) | 18,730 (3.5) | 12,602 (4.7) | 6,128 (2.3) | < 0.001 |
| AFA, n (%) | 135,691 (25.1) | 91,790 (33.9) | 43,901 (16.2) | < 0.001 |
| POAD, n (%) | 25,718 (4.7) | 18,536 (6.8) | 7,182 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 34,280 (6.3) | 26,381 (9.7) | 7,899 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
| Kidney disease, n (%) | 152,966 (28.3) | 111,341 (41.1) | 41,625 (15.4) | < 0.001 |
| Endocrine disorders, n (%) | 165 (0.03) | 118 (0.04) | 47 (0.02) | < 0.001 |
| Metabolic disorders, n (%) | 15,377 (2.8) | 12,049 (4.4) | 3,328 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 2,747 (0.51) | 1,993 (0.74) | 754 (0.28) | < 0.001 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 3,509 (0.65) | 2,259 (0.83) | 1,250 (0.46) | < 0.001 |
| Crohn’s disease | 1,732 (0.32) | 1,151 (0.43) | 581 (0.21) | < 0.001 |
| Other gastrointestinal disorders | 116,578 (21.5) | 80,039 (29.6) | 36,539 (13.5) | < 0.001 |
| Metropolitan residence, n (%) | 310,621 (67.6) | 163,729 (68.7) | 146,892 (66.4) | < 0.001 |
AFA, atrial fibrillation and arrhythmia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CP, constipation; CVD, cardiovascular disease; POAD, peripheral occlusive arterial disease; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
aAll cardiovascular events included myocardial infarction, angina, stroke and transient ischemic attack.