Table 4.

Risk of cardiovascular events associated with constipation and hypertension in all 541,172 patients.

	Without either condition (N = 208,413)	With constipation alone (N = 137,697)			With hypertension alone (N = 62,173)			With both constipation and hypertension (N = 132,889)
	OR	OR	95% CI	P valuea	OR	95% CI	P valuea	OR	95% CI	P valuea
All cardiovascular eventsb
Model 1	1.00 (reference)	2.07	2.03–2.11	< 0.001	8.37	8.20–8.54	< 0.001	10.99	10.80–11.18	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (reference)	2.07	2.03–2.11	< 0.001	8.54	8.37–8.72	< 0.001	11.34	11.15–11.54	< 0.001
Model 3	1.00 (reference)	1.61	1.58–1.64	< 0.001	6.23	6.10–6.37	< 0.001	6.71	6.58–6.84	< 0.001
Model 4	1.00 (reference)	1.59	1.56–1.62	< 0.001	6.19	6.06–6.33	< 0.001	6.59	6.46–6.72	< 0.001
Model 5	1.00 (reference)	1.58	1.55–1.61	< 0.001	6.12	5.99–6.26	< 0.001	6.53	6.40–6.66	< 0.001
Myocardial infarction
Model 1	1.00 (reference)	1.87	1.83–1.91	< 0.001	7.28	7.12–7.45	< 0.001	8.81	8.64–8.98	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (reference)	1.87	1.83–1.91	< 0.001	7.44	7.27–7.61	< 0.001	9.13	8.95–9.31	< 0.001
Model 3	1.00 (reference)	1.37	1.34–1.41	< 0.001	4.93	4.81–5.05	< 0.001	4.68	4.58–4.79	< 0.001
Model 4	1.00 (reference)	1.35	1.32–1.38	< 0.001	4.89	4.77–5.01	< 0.001	4.58	4.48–4.68	< 0.001
Model 5	1.00 (reference)	1.35	1.32–1.38	< 0.001	4.83	4.72–4.95	< 0.001	4.54	4.44–4.64	< 0.001
Stroke
Model 1	1.00 (reference)	2.20	2.13–2.27	< 0.001	6.23	6.04–6.42	< 0.001	8.41	8.20–8.63	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (reference)	2.19	2.13–2.26	< 0.001	6.23	6.04–6.42	< 0.001	8.44	8.23–8.67	< 0.001
Model 3	1.00 (reference)	2.00	1.94–2.07	< 0.001	5.42	5.25–5.59	< 0.001	6.85	6.66–7.05	< 0.001
Model 4	1.00 (reference)	2.00	1.94–2.07	< 0.001	5.42	5.25–5.59	< 0.001	6.85	6.66–7.06	< 0.001
Model 5	1.00 (reference)	2.00	1.94–2.06	< 0.001	5.38	5.22–5.56	< 0.001	6.82	6.62–7.02	< 0.001

CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HT, hypertension; OR: odds ratio; POAD, peripheral occlusive arterial disease.

^aThe significance of OR for major cardiovascular events associated with constipation.

^bCardiovascular events included myocardial infarction, angina, stroke and transient ischemic attack.

Model 1: Adjusted for age.

Model 2: Adjusted for age and sex.

Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, smoking, diabetes, sleep apnoea, COPD, kidney disease, endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, POAD, atrial fibrillation and cardiac arrhythmia).

Model 4: Adjusted for all the factors in Model 3 plus gastrointestinal disorders (irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease and other gastrointestinal disorders).

Model 5: Adjusted for all the factors in Model 4 plus metropolitan residence.