Table 3.
Summary of findings and certainty assessment.
| Outcome | No. of studies | Effect (SDM-Z) | Design | Risk of Bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Certainty of the evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resting-state brain activity (seed to whole-brain rsFC) | 8 | 1.70 (anterior cingulate); −1.85 (left supramar-ginal gyrus) | Cross-sectional studies; RCTs | No serious risk of bias | No serious inconsistencies | Serious (healthy controls only) | No serious imprecision | No serious publication bias |
⊕ ⊕ ⊝ ⊝ Low (due to small number of studies and indirectness) |
| Resting-state brain activity (seed-based rsFC, other synchronization parameters) | 9 | Not pooled | Cross-sectional studies; RCTs | No serious risk of bias | Some inconsistencies | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | – |
⊕ ⊕ ⊝ ⊝ Low (due to small number of studies and inconsistencies) |
| Resting-state brain activity (fALFF) | 5 | Not pooled | Cross-sectional studies; RCTs | No serious risk of bias | Some inconsistencies | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | – |
⊕ ⊕ ⊝ ⊝ Low (due to small number of studies and inconsistencies) |
| Task-based brain activity | 7 | Not pooled | Cross-sectional studies; RCTs | Some risk of bias | Some inconsistencies | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | – |
⊕ ⊕ ⊝ ⊝ Low (due to small number of studies and inconsistencies) |
| Structural change (grey and white matter volume) | 8 | Not pooled | Cross-sectional studies; RCTs | No serious risk of bias | Some inconsistencies | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | – |
⊕ ⊕ ⊝ ⊝ Low (due to small number of studies and inconsistencies) |
rsFC resting-state functional connectivity, fALFF fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations.