Table 1.
Relationships between swallowing outcomes and HNL via regression modelling
| Response variables (possible range) | PAS (1–2 vs. 3–8)a | FOIS (1–7)b | MASA-C (40–200)2 | VHNSS solids (0–50)2 | VHNSS liquids (0–20)2 | VHNSS nutrition (0–40)2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explanatory variables | Odds ratio | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p |
| External HNLc | 3.5 | <0.01 | − 0.7 | 0.04 | − 9.4 | <0.01 | 4.5 | <0.01 | 1.8 | 0.04 | 3.7 | 0.05 |
| Max internal HNL | 5.2 | <0.01 | − 0.4 | 0.01 | − 5.6 | <0.01 | 2.1 | 0.19 | − 0.3 | 0.44 | 0.4 | 0.76 |
| Sum internal HNL | 1.2 | <0.01 | − 0.1 | 0.01 | − 0.7 | <0.01 | 0.4 | 0.02 | 0.0 | 0.46 | 0.1 | 0.35 |
| Number of internal sites | 1.6 | 0.04 | − 0.2 | <0.01 | − 1.7 | <0.01 | 1.1 | <0.01 | 0.3 | 0.04 | 0.7 | 0.03 |
| Individual internal sites | ||||||||||||
| Base of tongue | 1.2 | 0.57 | 0 | 0.95 | − 1.5 | 0.27 | − 1.0 | 0.41 | − 0.3 | 0.17 | 0.2 | 0.86 |
| Posterior pharyngeal wall | 2.1 | 0.07 | − 0.2 | 0.24 | − 2.4 | 0.12 | 1.2 | 0.43 | − 0.6 | 0.15 | − 0.5 | 0.70 |
| Epiglottis | 2.5 | <0.01 | − 0.3 | 0.10 | − 3.6 | 0.02 | 2.3 | 0.07 | − 0.3 | 0.53 | − 0.2 | 0.87 |
| Pharyngoepiglottic folds | 2.4 | <0.01 | − 0.4 | 0.02 | − 4.5 | 0.01 | 2.5 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.87 | 0.7 | 0.49 |
| Aryepiglottic folds | 4.3 | <0.01 | − 0.6 | <0.01 | − 6.6 | <0.01 | 3.0 | 0.02 | 0.5 | 0.22 | 1.7 | 0.12 |
| Interarytenoid space | 2.3 | 0.01 | − 0.5 | 0.01 | − 5.5 | 0.01 | 3.1 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 0.22 | 1.2 | 0.18 |
| Cricopharyngeal prominence | 3.3 | <0.01 | − 0.5 | 0.01 | − 5.9 | <0.01 | 3.4 | <0.01 | 0.6 | 0.09 | 1.5 | 0.14 |
| Arytenoids | 3.4 | <0.01 | − 0.4 | 0.03 | − 5.2 | 0.01 | 3.4 | 0.01 | 0.6 | 0.12 | 1.6 | 0.25 |
| False vocal folds | 2.3 | 0.05 | − 0.3 | 0.09 | − 4.9 | 0.01 | 2.8 | 0.02 | 0.5 | 0.12 | 1.2 | 0.34 |
| True vocal folds | 1.9 | 0.33 | − 0.8 | 0.28 | − 13 | 0.18 | 4.1 | 0.61 | 4.0 | 0.28 | − 3.6 | 0.49 |
| Anterior commissure | 2.8 | − | − | 0.52 | − 3.5 | 0.10 | 0.2 | 0.86 | 0.3 | 0.56 | − 0.1 | 0.96 |
| Valleculae | 1.8 | 0.14 | − 0.2 | 0.15 | − 3.1 | 0.02 | − 0.5 | 0.62 | − 0.5 | 0.16 | 0.7 | 0.45 |
| Pyriform sinus | 3.9 | <0.01 | − 0.5 | 0.01 | − 5.8 | <0.01 | 3.2 | <0.01 | 0.4 | 0.29 | 0.7 | 0.41 |
PAS penetration-aspiration scale, FOIS functional oral intake scale, MASA-C mann assessment of swallowing ability—Cancer, VHNSS vanderbilt head and neck symptom survey, p = p-value
Bold type indicates statistical significance p < 0.05
aLogistic regression with response PAS=1 or 2, with standard errors clustered on participant
bLinear regression, with standard errors clustered on participant
cDetermined by the MDACC Scale rating only