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. 2023 Apr 1;51(8):1769–1780. doi: 10.1007/s10439-023-03183-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Visualization of the effect of the used kernel radius size to the orientation and the anisotropy analyses. The used radius sizes in the study were 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 voxels. (b) Example views in a x–z-plane of the normalized orientation and the anisotropy analyses, and the corresponding depth-wise average profiles from a healthy rabbit cartilage sample collected from the medial femoral condyle (VOI: 500 µm × 500 µm × cartilage thickness). Average profile for each sample was calculated from the normalized image stack (normalization to 200 points from the surface to the bottom of the cartilage). Each image slice (x–y-plane) was averaged to represent the value for a certain depth (z-direction). Illustration of a normalized polarized light microscopy (PLM) image (200 points from the surface to the bottom of the cartilage) collected from the medial femoral condyle of a healthy rabbit, and the corresponding depth-wise profile is presented on the right-hand side.