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. 2023 Feb 15;13(6):2483–2509. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.006

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Kidney- and brain-on-a-chip for drug screening. (A) A 3D bioprinted kidney proximal-tubule-chip for nephrotoxicity prediction caused by cyclosporine A. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 134. Copyright © 2016 Springer Nature. (B) A glomerular-on-a-chip mimicking the podocyte injury caused by the anticancer drug adriamycin. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 140. Copyright © 2017 Springer Nature. (C) A μBBB model-on-chip used to predict the delivery rate of dextrans and propidium iodide. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 142. Copyright © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry. (D) An NVU-on-a-chip to investigate the metabolic role of brain vasculature by intravascular administration of methamphetamine. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 143. Copyright © 2018 Springer Nature.