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Cellular mechanisms linking obesity and cancer. Adipose tissue is enlarged by excess fat and secretes adipokines, such as leptin and insulin that activate the RAS/Erk and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Adipose tissue also produces proinflammatory cytokines which induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, triggering the p38/MAPK signaling pathway. All these changes promote cancer cell proliferation and cell division and inhibit cell apoptosis.
