Table 2.
Changes in muscle activity between pre- and post-training for each group
| Variable | RAGT group | CGT group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pre | post | pre | post | |
| Gluteus medius | ||||
| Initial contact | 32.67±18.86 | 43.08±24.76 | 20.27±14.57 | 28.72±17.50 |
| Loading response | 36.99±19.03 | 37.25±23.48 | 23.30±16.25 | 33.18±20.85 |
| Mid stance | 34.91±19.51 | 25.46±16.24 | 24.70±13.66 | 24.97±14.67 |
| Terminal stance | 23.42±15.05 | 14.46±9.48 | 17.77±10.35 | 21.55±10.52 |
| Pre-swing | 17.55±9.95 | 12.81±9.59 | 14.61±10.79 | 19.94±9.91 |
| Initial swing | 17.38±8.37 | 10.91±7.02b) | 14.52±10.91 | 20.16±10.44 |
| Mid-swing | 15.73±9.15 | 10.07±6.00b) | 13.90±10.43 | 21.19±11.78 |
| Terminal swing | 18.56±10.26 | 19.43±10.47 | 14.11±9.61 | 22.82±12.33 |
| Rectus femoris | ||||
| Initial contacta) | 39.47±13.04 | 37.60±17.53 | 24.09±10.75 | 35.37±13.54c) |
| Loading response | 36.49±13.63 | 36.64±17.34 | 26.83±14.60 | 38.62±14.31c) |
| Mid-stance | 30.48±16.22 | 24.84±17.75 | 22.57±13.77 | 23.99±8.56 |
| Terminal stance | 22.79±13.00 | 18.82±14.00 | 17.39±10.22 | 19.55±9.65 |
| Pre-swing | 16.95±8.95 | 13.83±8.80 | 15.82±9.83 | 22.90±14.50 |
| Initial swing | 16.47±9.59 | 13.80±11.45 | 15.88±10.72 | 21.46±11.06 |
| Mid-swing | 18.08±11.46 | 13.46±14.01c) | 17.18±14.61 | 24.84±12.91 |
| Terminal swinga) | 27.18±9.93 | 20.28±12.49 | 17.49±10.64 | 28.10±10.80 |
| Hamstrings | ||||
| Initial contact | 32.83±17.47 | 44.77±20.29 | 23.25±14.16 | 30.05±21.03 |
| Loading response | 39.08±15.77 | 44.79±19.41 | 28.75±16.51 | 32.92±20.08 |
| Mid-stance | 31.05±19.58 | 37.75±14.63 | 27.70±17.58 | 26.23±19.30 |
| Terminal stance | 18.94±15.30 | 22.10±12.57 | 18.97±15.10 | 16.96±10.64 |
| Pre-swing | 10.36±9.66 | 19.77±13.74 | 16.26±13.53 | 12.40±9.71 |
| Initial swing | 8.79±6.84 | 14.79±11.42 | 11.40±8.02 | 11.61±7.90 |
| Mid-swing | 11.36±7.28 | 14.99±10.86 | 12.07±6.68 | 16.45±10.89 |
| Terminal swing | 20.90±13.66 | 31.94±13.94b) | 16.12±8.27 | 22.64±14.02 |
| Tibialis anterior | ||||
| Initial contact | 27.14±20.90 | 35.12±20.21 | 23.34±14.57 | 27.54±13.65 |
| Loading response | 21.53±12.58 | 30.08±16.42 | 21.51±15.33 | 30.70±15.22 |
| Mid-stance | 17.22±10.38 | 20.54±11.13 | 21.74±17.95 | 24.31±14.39 |
| Terminal stance | 16.39±13.83 | 15.05±8.60 | 16.60±15.76 | 24.81±17.60 |
| Pre-swing | 17.13±10.76 | 24.95±18.00 | 16.88±13.15 | 22.99±15.25 |
| Initial swing | 23.45±13.44 | 32.62±19.37 | 20.17±11.10 | 27.79±15.80 |
| Mid-swing | 20.62±11.87 | 25.01±16.06 | 24.13±12.55 | 29.28±13.49 |
| Terminal swing | 20.40±11.22 | 24.20±13.73 | 20.98±9.74 | 25.03±14.60 |
| Gastrocnemius | ||||
| Initial contact | 25.31±20.49 | 37.85±17.51b) | 32.16±16.43 | 40.29±18.90 |
| Loading response | 21.82±15.92 | 35.63±12.41b) | 28.52±14.43 | 35.44±13.34 |
| Mid-stance | 23.34±18.07 | 35.63±12.42b) | 29.41±18.14 | 30.40±10.99 |
| Terminal stancea) | 29.92±21.87 | 35.63±12.43b) | 27.07±17.66 | 21.43±11.02 |
| Pre-swing | 20.93±17.11 | 35.63±12.44 | 22.16±15.83 | 13.73±5.89 |
| Initial swinga) | 14.38±10.56 | 35.63±12.45b) | 18.19±13.75 | 12.27±6.52 |
| Mid-swing | 14.62±10.15 | 35.63±12.46 | 16.89±13.89 | 18.63±13.40 |
| Terminal swing | 18.86±12.92 | 35.63±12.47c) | 20.17±10.19 | 24.70±11.93 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
RAGT, robot-assisted gait training; CGT, conventional gait training.
a)p<0.05, RAGT and CGT comparisons in unpaired t-tests; b)p<0.05, pre- and post-training comparisons in paired t-test; and c)p<0.05, pre- and post-training comparisons in Wilcoxon signed rank test.