Table 2 Breast cells gene changes and related pathways during aging

Cell types	Gene changes during aging	Gene related pathways
Myoepithelial cells	Immune-related genes: Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Cxcl16, Csf1, and Csf3 Oxidative phosphorylation genes: Ndufa3, Ndufa5, Ndufa7, Ndufa8, Ndufa13, Ndufb3, Ndufb9, Ndufb10, Ndufc1, Ndufv3, Atp5j, Etfb, Uqcr10, and Uqcr11 Growth factor genes: Tgfb1, Jag1, and Vegfa ECM-related genes: Dcn, Col4a1, Col4a2, Serpinh1, Sparc, Emid1, Dag, and Spon2 Actomyosin-related genes: Acta2, Actg2, Mylk, Myl6, Myl9, Myh11, and Krt15	Cytokines or growth factors, oxidative phosphorylation, extracellular matrix (ECM), and cytoskeleton/contractility genes.
Alveolar cells	Csn1s1, Csn1s2a, Csn2, and Spp1	Milk biosynthesis.
Hormone-sensing cells	Tph1 and Arg1	Hormone and immune.
Fibroblasts	Upregulated genes: Hspa1a, Sqstm1, Ubc, Cebpb, and Gadd45b Downregulated genes: Col5a3, Col6a3, Fn1, and Mmp23	Upregulated genes are related to cellular stress. Downregulated genes are related to ECM.
Vascular endothelial cells	Upregulated genes: Csf3, Cxcl1, Cxcl16, and Il-6 Downregulated genes: Ctnnb1, Jup, Pvrl2, Cdh5, llt4, Cldn5, and F11r	Upregulated genes are related to immune microenvironment. Downregulated genes are related to cell-cell junctions.
M b macrophages	Cytokines Ccl5, Cxcl2, and Gdf15	–
Lymphoid cells	Cd274 and Lilrb4	–