Table 10.

Experimental results for convolutional layer.

Time	RISC-V	NPEs	Dmem	Total core	Energy per
(μS)	energy (nJ)	energy (nJ)	energy (nJ)	energy (nJ)	SOp (pJ)
29.6	12.1	75.4	126.6	221.9	12.0

RISC-V energy includes RISC-V and its instruction memory. NPEs energy includes all NPEs, Loop buffer, and Event-generator blocks. Synaptic operation (SOp) energy is calculated by dividing the total core energy by 18.4 k (128 × 3 × 3 neurons, integrating 16 spikes). In this experiment, the firing of neurons is not included.