Table 1.
Structural gray matter neuroimaging studies in CHR and psychosis conversion.
| Author/year | Modality | Study Type | Age range (mean) | Case n | Country Other | Abnormalities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luna et al. 2022 [40] | Structural (gray) | SR/MA | 26.3 | 2801 | na | ↓sup frontal (n.s.) |
| ENIGMA 2021 [41] | Structural (gray) | MA | 21.1 | 1792 | na ENIGMA |
↓cortical thickness in CHR ↓thickness of fusiform, sup temp and paracentral in conv. |
| Merritt et al., 2021 [42] | Structural (gray) | SR | na | 2473a | na | accelerated cortical decline |
| Del Re et al. 2021 [22] | Structural (gray) | SS | 18.8 | 92 | China | none in CHR ↓thickness in banks STS, Heschl’s, pars triang with conv. |
| Fortea et al., 2021 [43] | Structural (gray) | MA | 22.3 | 1148 | na | none in CHR ↓R temporal, ACC, paracingulate w conv. |
| Zikidi et al. 2020 [36] | Structural (gray) | SS | 21.7 | 114 | Scotland | none |
| Ding et al., 2019 [44] | Structural (gray) | SR/MA | na | 743 | na | ↓ vol superior frontal, R rectus ↑vol median cingulate, R fusiform, L STG, R thalamus |
| Chung et al. 2019 [21] | Structural (gray) | SS | 12–35 | 378 | US/Canada NAPLS |
↓cortical volume ↓area of ACC, prefrontal, parahipp in younger converters |
| Kwak et al. 2019 [28] | Structural (gray) | SS | 20.6 | 74 | South Korea | ↓prefrontal, inf parietal |
| Tomyshev et al. 2019 [33] | Structural (gray) | SS | 20.4 | 30 | Russia | ↓frontal, temp, parietal thickness |
| Saunders et al. 2019 [45]. | Structural (gray) | SR/MA | 13–29 | 432 | na | ↑pituitary ↑pituitary with conv. |
| Sakuma et al. 2018 [21] | Structural (gray) | SS | 21.0 | 45 | Japan | none |
| Takayanagi et al. 2017 [32] | Structural (gray) | SS | 22.6 | 73 | Japan | ↑area of ACC ↓thickness of ACC with conv. |
| Ho et al. 2017 [46] | Structural (gray) | SS | 21.2 | 93 | Singapore | none in hippocampus in CHR Shrinkage in CA1 with symptom persistence and conv. |
| Walter et al. 2016 [47] | Structural (gray) | SR/MA | 21.2 | 939 | na | slight ↓R hippocampus in CHR |
| Dean et al. 2016 [48] | Structural (gray) | SS | 18.9 | 38 | US | ↓hippocampus, inversion in L ventral hipp |
| Cannon et al. 2015 [37] | Structural (gray) | SS | 12–35 | 274 | US/Canada NAPLS |
no baseline differences ↓rate of loss in R sup frontal, mid frontal, med orbitofr in converters |
| Klauser et al. 2015 [26] | Structural (gray) | SS | 21.5 | 69 | Singapore | none conv. ↑whole brain vol in conv. |
| Tognin et al. 2013 [49] | Structural (gray) | SS | 23.9 | 40 | England | thinning of L insula, R temporal with symptom progression |
| Nordholem et al. 2013 [50] | Structural (gray) | SR/MA | na | na | na | trend ↑pituitary in CHR trend ↑pituitary with conv. |
| Iwashiro et al. 2012 [25] | Structural (gray) | SS | 23.6 | 20 | Japan | ↓pars triangularis |
| Ziermans et al. 2012 [51] | Structural (gray) | SS | 15.6 | 43 | Netherlands | ↓L ant cing, precueus, temp/parietal/occ with conv. |
| Fusar-Poli et al. 2012 [52] | Structural (gray) | ma | 22.5 | 198 | Na AN |
↓temporal, limbic prefrontal ↓temporal ant cing, cerebell, insula with conversion |
| Jung et al. 2012 [53] | Structural (gray) | SS | 21.6 | 16 | South Korea | ↓Broca’s area |
| Fusar-Poli et al. 2011 [24] | Structural (gray) | MA | 28 | 896 | na | ↓R sup temporal, L precuneus, L med frontal, R mid frontal, B parahipp/hipp, ant cingulate ↓R inf frontal, sup. temp in conv. |
| Mechelli et al. 2011 [54] | Structural (gray) | SS | 23.3 | 182 | England Germany Switzerland Australia |
↓frontal ↓L parahippocampal in conv. |
| Smieskova et al. 2010 [55] | Structural (gray) | SR/MA | na | 385* | na | ↓prefront, cing, insula, cerebel in conv. |
| Koutsouleris et al. 2009 [27] | Structural (gray) | SS | 25.1 | 45 | Germany | ↓prefront, orbitofr, limbic, cerebel ↓lat and med temporal in conv. |
| Sun et al. 2009 [30] | Structural (gray) | SS | 19.5 | 35 | Australia | ↓R prefrontal in conv. |
| Takahashi et al. 2009 [56] | Structural (gray) | SS | 20.2 | 97 | Australia AN |
↓insula with conv. |
| Takahashi et al. 2009 [31] | Structural (gray) | SS | 20.2 | 35 | Australia AN |
↓planum polare/temporale in conv. |
| Ziermans et al. 2009 [35] | Structural (gray) | SS | 15.8 | 54 | Netherlands | none |
| Borgwardt et al. 2007 [20] | Structural (gray) | SS | na | 12 | Switzerland | ↓post. cing, precuneus, paracent, L sup parietal, and ↑L parietal/post temp in conv. |
| Velakoulis et al. 2006 [34] | Structural (gray) | SS | 20.1 | 135 | Australia | none in hippocampus and amygdala |
| Pantelis et al. 2003 [29] | Structural (gray) | SS | 19.3 | 75 | Australia | ↓temporal, inf. frontal, cingulate ↓L parahipp, fusiform, orbitofrontal, cerebellar, cingulate with conv. |
ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; AN = antipsychotic naïve; BG = basal ganglia; conv = conversion to psychosis; cerebell = cerebellum; cing = cingulate; DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ENIGMA = Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis; hipp = hippocampus; inf = inferior; L = left; lat = lateral; MA = meta-analysis; med = medial; na = not available; mPFC = medial prefrontal cortex; MTL = medial temporal lobe; NAPLS = North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study; n.s. = not significant; parahipp = parahippocampus; orbitofr = orbitofrontal; prefront = prefrontal; R = right; SFG = superior frontal gyrus; SR = systematic review; SS = single study; sup = superior; temp = temporal; triang = triangularis; vol = volume; w = with.
across multiple modalities
includes high-risk groups other than CHR; When CHR converters and non-converters are reported separately, the displayed mean age is from non-converters.