Table 6.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies in CHR and psychosis conversion.
| Author/year | Modality | Study Type | Age Rang (Mean) | Case n | Country, other | Abnormalities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fusar-Poli et al., 2007 [132] | PET/SPECT/MRS | SR/MA | na | na | na | abnormalities in prefrontal, ACC, BG, hippocampus and cerebellum |
| Romeo et al., 2020 [139] | MRS | MA | na | na | na | ↑Glx in mPFC, BG. ↑myo-inositol in DLPFC |
| Whitehurst et al., 2020 [140] | MRS | SR/MA | na | na | na | ↓NAA in hippocampus in CHR |
| Wenneberg et al., 2020 [141] | MRS | MA | na | 243 | na | ↓thalamic glutamate in CHR |
| Wang et al., 2020 [142] | MRS | MA | na | na | na | ↑Cr in mPFC ↓NAA, Cr and Glx in thalamus ↑ml in DLPFC |
| Bossong et al. 2019 [143] | MRS | SS | 22.4 | 86 | England | ↑hippocampal glutamate, myo-inositol, and Cr in conv. |
| Shakory et al., 2018 [144] | MRS | SS | 21 | 25 | Canada | ↓hippocampal Glx |
| de la Fuente-Sandoval et al. 2013 [145] | MRS | SS | 20.3 | 19 | Mexico | ↑striatal glutamate in conv. |
| Egerton et al. 2014 [146] | MRS | SS | 23.3 | 75 | England | ↓thalamic glutamate in non-remission |
| Jessen et al. 2006 [137] | MRS | SS | 27 | 19 | Germany | ↓NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho in L frontal and NAA/Cr in ACC ↑Cho/Cr and ↓NAA/Cho w conv. |
| Wood et al. 2003 [138] | MRS | SS | 19.5 | 30 | Australia | ↑Cho/Cr and ↓NAA/Cho in DLPFC in CHR |
ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; AN = antipsychotic naïve; ATR = anterior thalamic radiation; BG = basal ganglia; CC = corpus callosum; Cho = choline; CHR = clinical high risk (for psychosis); conv = conversion to psychosis; Cr = creatinine; DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Glx = combined glutamine + glutamate; MA = meta-analysis; na = not available; mI = myo-inositol; MFG = medial frontal gyrus; mPFC = medial prefrontal cortex; MRS = magnetic resonance spectroscopy; MTL=medial temporal lobe; NAA = N-acetyl-aspartate; n.s. = not significant; PET = positron emission tomography; SFG = superior frontal gyrus; SPECT = single photon emission computed tomography; SR = systematic review; SS = single study; SLF = superior longitudinal fasciculus; STG = superior temporal gyrus; STS = superior temporal sulcus.; w = with.