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. 2023 Jun 22;14:1220165. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220165

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Copyright © 2023 Zhao, Wu, Zhu, Shang, Wei, Shang, Tian, Chen and Wei

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic diagram of the underlying mechanisms of the combination of THD and C. butyricum in cancer treatments and CINV amelioration. The combination of THD and C. butyricum enhanced anti-tumor effects and ameliorated CINV via activating caspase-3 apoptosis pathway, inhibiting neurotransmitter (e.g., 5-HT and Tac1) and its receptors (e.g., 5-HT₃R and NK-1R), and reversing intestinal dysbiosis in Azoxymethane/Dextran Sodium Sulfate induced colorectal cancer (CRC) mice. THD, thalidomide; C. butyricum, Clostridium butyricum; CINV, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; Tac1, tachykinin 1; 5-HT₃R, 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor; NK1R, neurokinin-1 receptor.