Locations of the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and core promoter motifs CCAAT, Y patch, TATA-box, and TSS/Inr within dicot and monocot promoters. (A) Representative structure of a plant promoter. (B and C) Local distribution of short sequences (LDSS)-positive octamer CREs, normalized frequency distribution profiles of CCAAT, Y patch, and Inr, and the percentage of TATA-box-containing promoters at the indicated positions on the dicot (B) and monocot (C) promoters. The images of dicot and monocot CREs were adapted from [14] (Arabidopsis) and [13] (rice), respectively. The images of CCAAT, Y-patch, and Initiator (Inr) were adapted from [6] (soybean, Arabidopsis, poplar, grape, Brachypodium distachyon, sorghum, rice, and maize). The images of TATA-box were adapted from [5] (Arabidopsis and maize).