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. 2023 Apr 13;37(9):1481–1486. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003577

Table 1.

Association between antiretroviral agents and incident SARS-CoV-2 infection in 239 AGEhIV COVID-19 substudy participants with known antiretroviral therapy regimen and association between antiretrovirals and severe COVID-19 (hospitalization and/or death) in 2189 ATHENA cohort participants.

Association between antiretrovirals and incident SARS-CoV-2 infection (AGEhIV COVID-19 substudy) Association between antiretrovirals and severe COVID-19 (hospitalization and/or death) (ATHENA cohort)
Unadjusted Adjusteda Unadjusted Adjusteda
n/Nb OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P n/Nb OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P
NRTI backbone
 - Lamivudine only 0/7 – – – – 8/157 0.83 (0.38–1.81) 0.63 0.50 (0.21–1.20) 0.12
 - Abacavir-based 2/28 0.65 (0.13–3.28) 0.61 0.56 (0.11–2.95) 0.50 35/339 1.77 (1.10–2.86) 0.018 1.39 (0.83–2.35) 0.21
 - Tenofovir alafenamide-based 17/107 1.61 (0.65–3.94) 0.30 1.33 (0.53–3.38) 0.55 67/946 1.18 (0.78–1.77) 0.43 1.01 (0.65–1.56) 0.96
 - Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based 8/76 REF REF REF REF 39/640 REF REF REF REF
 - No NRTI 2/21 0.89 (0.18–4.57) 0.89 0.96 (0.18–5.17) 0.96 9/107 1.42 (0.67–3.01) .37 0.68 (0.29–1.58) 0.37
INSTI
 - Bictegravir 6/30 2.00 (0.55–7.27) 0.29 2.15 (0.56–8.26) 0.26 21/282 0.93 (0.55–1.59) 0.80 0.89 (0.50–1.60) 0.70
 - Dolutegravir 5/45 REF REF REF REF 50/626 REF REF REF REF
 - Elvitegravir/cobicistat 6/41 1.37 (0.38–4.89) .63 0.77 (0.19–3.14) .72 15/349 0.52 (0.29–0.94) .029 0.80 (0.43–1.50) 0.50
 - Raltegravir 1/12 0.73 (0.08–6.89) 0.78 0.97 (0.10–9.65) 0.98 7/51 1.83 (0.79–4.28) .16 1.54 (0.61–3.90) 0.37
 - No INSTI 11/111 0.88 (0.29–2.69) 0.82 0.83 (0.26–2.64) 0.75 65/881 0.92 (0.63–1.35) 0.66 0.88 (0.58–1.34) 0.54
NNRTI
 - Doravirine 2/11 2.00 (0.24–16.61) 0.52 2.59 (0.27–25.02) 0.41 6/140 0.49 (0.18–1.33) 0.16 0.60 (0.20–1.79) 0.36
 - Efavirenz 2/20 REF REF REF REF 12/142 REF REF REF REF
 - Etravirine 0/1 – – – – 1/11 1.08 (0.13–9.20) 0.94 0.67 (0.07–6.62) 0.72
 - Nevirapine 4/49 0.80 (0.13–4.76) 0.81 0.74 (0.11–5.02) 0.76 18/227 0.93 (0.44–2.00) 0.86 0.86 (0.38–1.99) 0.73
 - Rilpivirine 2/13 1.64 (0.20–13.34) 0.65 2.22 (0.24–20.23) 0.48 11/172 0.74 (0.32–1.73) 0.49 1.07 (0.43–2.65) 0.89
 - No NNRTI 19/145 1.36 (0.29–6.32) 0.70 1.15 (0.22–6.03) 0.87 110/1497 0.86 (0.46–1.60) 0.64 1.02 (0.51–2.01) 0.97
PI
 - Atazanavir/booster 1/5 5.25 (0.39–71.42) 0.21 9.72 (0.61–155.06) 0.11 2/22 0.72 (0.16–3.14) 0.67 0.50 (0.09–2.74) 0.42
 - Darunavir/booster 2/44 REF REF REF REF 33/270 REF REF REF REF
 - Lopinavir/booster 0/2 – – – – 0/5 – – – –
 - No PI 26/188 3.37 (0.77–14.77) 0.11 3.51 (0.78–15.92) .10 123/1892 0.50 (0.33–0.75) <0.001 0.73 (0.47–1.15) 0.17

Values represent odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval using logistic regression.

a

Adjusted for age, sex at birth, ethnic origin, total comorbidities count, prior AIDS, current CD4+ cell count, and current HIV-1 viral load.

b

Number of participants with severe COVID-19 (hospitalization and/or death) per total number of participants for each variable category.

CI, confidence interval; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitors; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; OR, odds ratio; P, P-value; PI, protease inhibitors; REF, reference group.