Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of inpatients with COVID-19.
| N (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total (N=1248) | ICU-Admitted (N=387) | Not ICU-Admitted (N=861) | RRa | 95% CI | χ2 test P b |
| Age≥60 years | 835 (66.91) | 275 (71.06) | 560 (65.04) | 1.21 | 1.01–1.46 | 0.037 |
| Sex, Male | 651 (52.16) | 239 (61.76) | 412 (47.85) | 1.48 | 1.25–1.76 | <0.0001 |
| Race | 0.119 | |||||
| White | 827 (66.27) | 247 (63.82) | 580 (67.36) | 0.90 | 0.76–1.07 | 0.221 |
| African American | 110 (8.81) | 43 (11.11) | 67 (7.79) | 1.29 | 1.01–1.66 | 0.055 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 197 (15.78) | 58 (14.99) | 139 (16.14) | 0.94 | 0.74–1.19 | 0.604 |
| Asian | 44 (3.52) | 19 (4.91) | 25 (2.90) | 1.41 | 0.99–2.00 | 0.076 |
| Other | 70 (5.61) | 20 (5.17) | 50 (5.81) | 0.92 | 0.63–1.34 | 0.650 |
| Comorbidities | 1033 (82.77) | 339 (87.6) | 694 (80.6) | 1.47 | 1.13–1.91 | 0.002 |
| Hypertension | 766 (61.38) | 238 (61.5) | 528 (61.32) | 1.01 | 0.85–1.19 | 0.953 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 435 (34.86) | 161 (41.60) | 274 (31.82) | 1.33 | 1.13–1.57 | 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 582 (46.63) | 197 (50.90) | 385 (44.71) | 1.19 | 1.01–1.40 | 0.043 |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 225 (18.03) | 85 (21.96) | 140 (16.26) | 1.28 | 1.06–1.55 | 0.015 |
| Lung Diseasec | 313 (25.08) | 109 (28.16) | 204 (23.70) | 1.17 | 0.98–1.40 | 0.092 |
| Heart Failure | 184 (14.74) | 77 (19.90) | 107 (12.44) | 1.44 | 1.18–1.74 | 0.001 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 257 (20.59) | 88 (22.74) | 169 (19.63) | 1.14 | 0.93–1.38 | 0.209 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 193 (15.46) | 69 (17.83) | 124 (14.43) | 1.18 | 0.96–1.46 | 0.121 |
| Malignancy | 121 (9.70) | 41 (10.59) | 80 (9.29) | 1.10 | 0.85–1.44 | 0.472 |
| Current smoker | 106 (8.49) | 38 (9.82) | 68 (7.89) | 1.17 | 0.90–1.54 | 0.260 |
| General (typical) symptoms | ||||||
| Fever | 702 (56.25) | 240 (62.01) | 462 (53.66) | 1.27 | 1.07–1.51 | 0.006 |
| Cough | 604 (48.40) | 195 (50.39) | 409 (47.50) | 1.08 | 0.92–1.28 | 0.346 |
| Anorexia | 320 (25.64) | 93 (24.03) | 227 (26.36) | 0.92 | 0.75–1.11 | 0.382 |
| Diarrhea | 184 (14.74) | 49 (12.66) | 135 (15.68) | 0.84 | 0.65–1.08 | 0.164 |
| Throat pain | 77 (6.17) | 24 (6.20) | 53 (6.15) | 1.01 | 0.71–1.42 | 0.975 |
| Abdominal pain | 105 (8.41) | 26 (6.72) | 79 (9.18) | 0.78 | 0.56–1.11 | 0.148 |
| Nervous system symptoms | ||||||
| CNS, any | 521 (41.74) | 188 (48.58) | 333 (38.67) | 1.32 | 1.12–1.55 | 0.001 |
| Dizziness/lightheadedness | 61 (4.89) | 15 (3.88) | 46 (5.34) | 0.78 | 0.50–1.23 | 0.266 |
| Headache | 129 (10.34) | 38 (9.57) | 91 (10.57) | 0.94 | 0.71–1.25 | 0.687 |
| Impaired consciousness | 336 (26.92) | 143 (36.95) | 193 (22.42) | 1.59 | 1.35–1.87 | <0.0001 |
| Acute cerebrovascular disease | 18 (1.44) | 10 (2.58) | 8 (0.93) | 1.81 | 1.19–2.76 | 0.023 |
| Ataxia | 34 (2.72) | 13 (3.36) | 21 (2.44) | 1.24 | 0.80–1.92 | 0.356 |
| Movement disease | 24 (1.92) | 9 (2.33) | 15 (1.74) | 1.21 | 0.72–2.05 | 0.488 |
| Seizure | 22 (1.76) | 6 (1.55) | 16 (1.86) | 0.88 | 0.44–1.74 | 0.702 |
| Myelopathy | 19 (1.52) | 5 (1.29) | 14 (1.63) | 0.85 | 0.40–1.80 | 0.656 |
| PNS, any | 84 (6.73) | 25 (6.46) | 59 (6.85) | 0.96 | 0.68–1.34 | 0.798 |
| Impaired smell | 38 (3.04) | 8 (2.07) | 30 (3.48) | 0.67 | 0.36–1.25 | 0.178 |
| Impaired vision | 14 (1.12) | 3 (0.78) | 11 (1.28) | 0.69 | 0.25–1.88 | 0.436 |
| Neuropathy or nerve pain | 34 (2.72) | 14 (3.62) | 20 (2.32) | 1.34 | 0.89–2.02 | 0.194 |
| Myalgia | 208 (16.67) | 54 (13.95) | 154 (17.89) | 0.81 | 0.63–1.04 | 0.085 |
| Skeletal muscle injuryd | 30 (10.27) | 17 (13.28) | 13 (7.93) | 1.34 | 0.95–1.88 | 0.135 |
| Death due to COVID-19 | 314 (25.16) | 188 (48.58) | 126 (14.63) | N/A | N/A | <0.0001 |
a
RR, relative risk for ICU admission.
b
P values indicate differences between ICU-admitted and not ICU-admitted in patients with COVID-19 using χ2 test, and P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
c
Lung disease includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and interstitial lung disease (ILD).
d
Skeletal muscle injury is defined as when a patient had skeletal muscle pain (myalgia) and elevated serum creatinine kinase (CK) level greater than 200 U/L (from total 292 available data). N/A, not applicable.
Bold values signify statistical significance.