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. 2023 Jul 7;14:4024. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39618-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A Dated phylogeny showing the Heliconiini species sampled and the major clades, with the number of individuals sampled for each species shown to the right of the species name. B, C Selected neuroanatomical detail from five species indicated in bold in panel A. B Confocal scans showing the anterior (left) and posterior (right) of the central brain from one representative individual of each species (scale bars = 250 μm). C 3D reconstructions of the whole brain with anterior (left) and posterior (right) views showing the mushroom body (red) (scale bars = 500 μm). D Isolated 3D reconstructions of the mushroom body, showing the calyx (dark red), peduncles and lobes (light red) (scale bars = 250 μm). Source data files: Heliconiini.trees.