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. 2023 Jul 7;14:4024. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39618-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A, B Phylogenetic shifts in the scaling relationship between the volume of the mushroom body (MB) and the rest of the central brain (rCBR) across 41 Heliconiini taxa (posterior probability > 0.5). Relative to outgroup Heliconiini (blue), MB volumes are twice as large in Eueides (purple) and Dryadula phaetusa (green) and four times as large in Heliconius (red). Solid points = species means; faded points = individuals. Estimated ancestral states for each group shown by density maps. C, D The branch leading to Heliconius shows a marked increase in the evolutionary rate of MB volume, with a slightly less elevated rate along the branch leading to Heliconius + Eueides. E–H Shifts in MB size and evolutionary rate are not reflected in either the antennal lobe or the medulla. The butterfly image is from Wikimedia commons, released under CC-BY-SA 4.0. Source data files: A Heliconiini.trees and Heliconiini_neuro_species.csv; B Heliconiini_neuro_individuals.csv and Heliconiini_neuro_species.csv; C Heliconiini.trees and Heliconiini_neuro_species.csv; D–H Heliconiini_neuro_species.csv.