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. 2023 Mar 11;415(18):4467–4478. doi: 10.1007/s00216-023-04638-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scheme 1 — Schematic design of the fully assembled measurement chamber, which includes the 3D-printed cell, a copper lid, the functionalized SPE, and a copper heat sink to which a resistor is attached to control the temperature. The thermocouples measure the temperature of the copper and the temperature of the liquid inside the cell