Table 1.
Characteristics of Medicare Fee-For-Service Beneficiaries by Baseline Frailty Status on January 1, 2015
| Characteristics | Total n (%) |
Nonfrail n (%) |
Mildly Frail n (%) |
Moderate-to-Severely Frail n (%) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 995 664 | 906 046 | 73 091 | 16 527 | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 77.0 (7.5) | 76.6 (7.3) | 81.2 (8.0) | 81.9 (8.1) | <.001 |
| Female | 565 549 (56.8) | 433 028 (54.9) | 105 430 (63.1) | 27 091 (68.6) | <.001 |
| Race | <.001 | ||||
| White | 871 082 (87.5) | 793 674 (87.6%) | 63 410 (86.8%) | 13 998 (84.7%) | |
| Black | 66 995 (6.7) | 59 391 (6.6%) | 5 912 (8.1%) | 1 652 (10.0%) | |
| Other | 57 627 (5.8) | 52 981 (5.8%) | 3 769 (5.2%) | 877 (5.3%) | |
| Hispanic | 12 089 (1.2) | 10 284 (1.1%) | 1 400 (1.9%) | 405 (2.5%) | <.001 |
| CFI on January 1, 2015 (SD) | 0.16 (0.06) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.29 (0.03) | 0.40 (0.05) | <.001 |
| CFI on January 1, 2016 (SD) | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.16 (0.06) | 0.27 (0.07) | 0.34 (0.09) | <.001 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 40 711 (4.1%) | 30 524 (3.4%) | 7 918 (10.8%) | 2 269 (13.7%) | <.001 |
| Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders | 99 212 (10.0%) | 57 449 (6.3%) | 30 912 (42.3%) | 10 851 (65.7%) | <.001 |
| Anemia | 476 998 (47.9%) | 400 549 (44.2%) | 61 246 (83.8%) | 15 203 (92.0%) | <.001 |
| Asthma | 117 293 (11.8%) | 92 870 (10.3%) | 19 096 (26.1%) | 5 327 (32.2%) | <.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 134 638 (13.5%) | 105 237 (11.6%) | 23 028 (31.5%) | 6 373 (38.6%) | <.001 |
| Cancer* | 151 857 (15.3%) | 134 022 (14.8%) | 14 465 (19.8%) | 3 370 (20.4%) | <.001 |
| Cataract | 656 309 (65.9%) | 583 186 (64.4%) | 59 435 (81.3%) | 13 688 (82.8%) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 218 435 (21.9%) | 168 589 (18.6%) | 38 678 (52.9%) | 11 168 (67.6%) | <.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 215 572 (21.7%) | 168 383 (18.6%) | 36 909 (50.5%) | 10 280 (62.2%) | <.001 |
| Depression | 255 784 (25.7%) | 199 794 (22.1%) | 43 697 (59.8%) | 12 293 (74.4%) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 335 390 (33.7%) | 279 102 (30.8%) | 44 776 (61.3%) | 11 512 (69.7%) | <.001 |
| Glaucoma | 229 409 (23.0%) | 202 078 (22.3%) | 22 120 (30.3%) | 5 211 (31.5%) | <.001 |
| Heart failure | 210 450 (21.1%) | 155 975 (17.2%) | 42 392 (58.0%) | 12 083 (73.1%) | <.001 |
| Hip/pelvic fracture | 28 850 (2.9%) | 18 641 (2.1%) | 7 421 (10.2%) | 2 788 (16.9%) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 769 990 (77.3%) | 682 364 (75.3%) | 71 292 (97.5%) | 16 334 (98.8%) | <.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 431 844 (43.4%) | 359 733 (39.7%) | 57 810 (79.1%) | 14 301 (86.5%) | <.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 206 301 (20.7%) | 172 169 (19.0%) | 26 943 (36.9%) | 7 189 (43.5%) | <.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis | 529 308 (53.2%) | 455 379 (50.3%) | 59 599 (81.5%) | 14 330 (86.7%) | <.001 |
| Stroke or transient ischemic attack | 124 209 (12.5%) | 91 255 (10.1%) | 25 213 (34.5%) | 7 741 (46.8%) | <.001 |
Notes: CFI = claims-based frailty index; SD = standard deviation.
*Cancer includes breast, endometrial, colorectal, prostate, and lung cancer.