Table 2.
Differences in Regional Brain Volume According to Chronic Cough Status
| Region of Interest | Region of Interest Volume, Mean ± SD, mm3 |
Adjusted Mean Region of Interest Volume Difference, β (95% CI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sample | No Chronic Cough | Chronic Cough | Model 1a | P Value | Model 2b | P Value | |
| Anterior cingulate cortex | 7,505 ± 1,245 | 7,522 ± 1,254 | 7,348 ± 1,140 | −58.44 (−271.64 to −45.23) | .006 | −126.16 (−245.67 to −6.66) | .039 |
| Frontal pole | 2,105 ± 304 | 2,105 ± 302 | 2,100 ± 323 | −4.41 (−36.51 to 27.69) | .788 | −1.59 (−35.55 to 32.38) | .927 |
| Inferior frontal gyrus | 19,214 ± 2,255 | 19,220 ± 2,240 | 19,153 ± 2,386 | −43.56 (−237.48 to 150.36) | .660 | 15.32 (−189.71 to 220.36) | .884 |
| Insula cortex | 13,546 ± 1,507 | 13,556 ± 1,514 | 13,450 ± 1,440 | −87.09 (−204.54 to 30.36) | .146 | −71.20 (−195.34 to 52.95) | .261 |
| Middle frontal gyrus | 39,336 ± 4,951 | 39,377 ± 4,946 | 38,943 ± 4,989 | −365.70 (−719.32 to ˗12.09) | .043 | −258.03 (−632.41 to 116.36) | .177 |
| Middle temporal gyrus | 20,108 ± 2736 | 20,122 ± 2,736 | 1,9975 ± 2,732 | −121.16 (−323.58 to 81.27) | .241 | −102.93 (−316.62 to 110.75) | .345 |
| Prefrontal cortex | 124,648 ± 12,998 | 124,734 ± 12,969 | 123,813 ± 13,254 | −737.23 (−1,536.87 to 62.42) | .071 | −354.69 (−1,195.04 to 485.67) | .408 |
a
Adjusted for age, sex, and intracranial volume.
b
Adjusted for age (cubic), sex, the interaction between age and sex, intracranial volume, smoking, asthma, COPD, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score > 16, and chronic pain.