Table 3.

Differences in Regional Brain Volume According to Chronic Cough Phenotype

Region of Interest	Region of Interest Volume, Mean ± SD, mm3			Adjusted Mean Region of Interest Volume Difference,a β (95% CI)
	No Chronic Cough	Unexplained Chronic Cough	Explained Chronic Cough	Unexplained Chronic Cough	P Value	Explained Chronic Cough	P Value
Anterior cingulate cortex	7,522 ± 1,254	7,380 ± 1,160	7,327 ± 1,133	−51.48 (−303.44 to 200.48)	.689	−167.50 (−299.98 to −35.01)	.013
Frontal pole	2,105 ± 302	2,103 ± 337	2,100 ± 321	6.29 (−65.35 to 77.93)	.863	−4.24 (−41.90 to 33.43)	.826
Inferior frontal gyrus	19,220 ± 2,240	19,150 ± 1,939	19,136 ± 2,480	19.41 (−413.02 to 451.83)	.930	−10.91 (−238.28 to 216.47)	.925
Insula cortex	13,556 ± 1,514	13,381 ± 1,586	13,442 ± 1,410	−111.09 (−372.87 to 150.70)	.405	−88.27 (−225.92 to 49.38)	.209
Middle frontal gyrus	39,377 ± 4,946	39,098 ± 4,773	38,858 ± 5,047	114.22 (−675.11 to 903.54)	.777	−414.40 (−829.40 to 0.63)	.050
Middle temporal gyrus	20,122 ± 2,736	19,985 ± 3,037	19,970 ± 2,641	−66.86 (−517.53 to 383.81)	.771	−108.47 (−345.44 to 128.50)	.370
Prefrontal cortex	124,734 ± 12,969	124,385 ± 12,648	123,560 ± 13,359	668.19 (−1,103.51 to 2,439.89)	.460	−738.86 (−1,670.43 to 192.72)	.120

^aModel 2 was adjusted for age (cubic), sex, age∗sex, intracranial volume, smoking, asthma, COPD, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score > 16, and chronic pain.