Table 1.

Prognostic factors influencing MS disease outcome

	Poor prognosis
Demographic and environmental factors	• older age • male sex • non-White population • low vitamin D levels • smoking • comorbid conditions
Clinical factors	• polysymptomatic onset • early cognitive deficits • brainstem, cerebellar or spinal cord onset • primary progressive disease subtype • poor recovery from the 1st relapse • high relapse rate • short interval between the 1st and 2nd relapses • higher EDSS score at diagnosis
Radiological factors	• high T2 lesion number • high T2 lesion volume • presence of Gd-enhancing lesions • presence of infratentorial lesions • presence of spinal cord lesions • whole brain atrophy • grey matter atrophy
Biomarkers	• presence of IgG and IgM oligoclonal bands in the CSF • retinal nerve fiber layer thinning detected with optical coherence tomography

adapted from Rotstein 2019 [23]

abbreviations: CSF – cerebrospinal fluids, EDSS – expanded disability status scale, Ig – immunoglobulin