Table 2.
General characteristics and physical activity of the male participants according to the osteosarcopenia phenotype
| Men (S.E) | Neither OP nor SP(N = 395) | OP (N = 15) | SP (N = 187) | OS (N = 42) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 69.93 ± 0.23 | 74.00 ± 1.44a | 72.51 ± 0.36a | 73.60 ± 0.78a | < 0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 166.02 ± 0.32 | 161.21 ± 0.98a | 164.72 ± 0.45 | 161.87 ± 1.30a | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 67.65 ± 0.53 | 64.22 ± 2.00 | 57.66 ± 0.70a | 51.47 ± 1.23a | < 0.001 |
| BMI | 24.51 ± 0.17 | 24.66 ± 0.64 | 21.20 ± 0.20a | 19.61 ± 0.33a | < 0.001 |
| Nutrient intake | |||||
| Total kcal | 2086.00 ± 47.00 | 1772.03 ± 111.68a | 1807.01 ± 60.42a | 1592.13 ± 84.95a | < 0.001 |
| Protein intake (g) | 70.42 ± 1.86 | 58.82 ± 4.60a | 62.28 ± 2.91a | 50.17 ± 4.54a | < 0.001 |
| Family income | 0.007 | ||||
| Low | 143 (34.2%) | 10 (76.7%) | 83 (45.7%) | 26 (55.1%) | |
| Moderate-low | 126 (33.7%) | 2 (15.1%) | 52 (27.5%) | 12 (37.7%) | |
| Moderate-high | 67 (17.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 31 (16.9%) | 2 (3.0%) | |
| High | 54 (14.5%) | 3 (8.2%) | 19 (9.9%) | 2 (4.2%) | |
| Education | 0.013 | ||||
| <Elementary | 169 (45.7%) | 8 (70.3%) | 81 (41.5%) | 29 (70.2%) | |
| Middle school | 74 (17.4%) | 3 (14.4%) | 31 (18.9%) | 8 (21.3%) | |
| High school | 90 (21.6%) | 4 (15.3%) | 38 (17.7%) | 2 (3.5%) | |
| >College | 62 (15.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 36 (21.9%) | 3 (5.0%) | |
| Smoking Status | 0.400 | ||||
| None | 70 (24.5%) | 2 (21.0%) | 37 (27.4%) | 7 (18.4%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 136 (46.7%) | 2 (19.4%) | 55 (40.4%) | 13 (38.9%) | |
| Current smoker | 85 (28.8%) | 5 (59.6%) | 41 (32.2%) | 11 (42.6%) | |
| Alcohol Drinking | 0.511 | ||||
| None | 104 (27.4%) | 3 (20.7%) | 55 (29.4%) | 16 (41.1%) | |
| Low risk drinking | 249 (61.2%) | 12 (79.3%) | 111 (59.2%) | 22 (45.9%) | |
| High risk drinking | 40 (11.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 21 (11.4%) | 4 (13.0%) | |
| PA (minute/week) | 79.17 ± 7.14 | 57.47 ± 24.46 | 87.10 ± 13.56 | 70.84 ± 22.09 | 0.744 |
| PA (group) | 0.868 | ||||
| Completely inactive | 239 (59.7%) | 10 (63.6%) | 119 (59.6%) | 28 (67.6%) | |
| Insufficiently active | 63 (16.7%) | 2 (12.1%) | 23 (15.4%) | 3 (7.0%) | |
| Physically active | 93 (23.6%) | 3 (24.4%) | 45 (25.0%) | 11 (25.4%) | |
| Walking | 232 (56.6%) | 5 (46.4%) | 111 (57.0%) | 24 (48.7%) | 0.743 |
| Stretching exercise | 206 (54.2%) | 8 (55.2%) | 84 (49.4%) | 9 (17.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Strengthening exercise | 153 (40.1%) | 4 (26.9%) | 58 (31.8%) | 5 (8.7%) | 0.001 |
Weighted means and standard errors were used for continuous data, while frequencies with weighted percentages were used for categorical data. The p-values reflect overall differences in characteristics among the four osteosarcopenia phenotypes. BMI, Body mass index; OP, Osteoporosis; SP, Sarcopenia; OS, Osteosarcopenia
aStatistically significant difference from the neither OP nor SP group after post-hoc analysis using Bonferroni correction (P-value < 0.0167)