Table 3.
General characteristics, nutrition, and socioeconomic status of the female participants according to the osteosarcopenia phenotype
| Women (S.E) | Neither OP nor SP (N = 292) | OP (N = 314) | SP (N = 28) | OS (N = 69) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 70.22 ± 0.29 | 72.52 ± 0.34a | 71.67 ± 0.89 | 72.86 ± 0.69a | < 0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 153.03 ± 0.38 | 149.99 ± 0.30a | 152.12 ± 0.95 | 149.88 ± 0.96a | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.56 ± 0.580 | 53.81 ± 0.54a | 54.05 ± 1.43a | 46.94 ± 0.88a | < 0.001 |
| BMI | 25.82 ± 0.21 | 23.88 ± 0.22a | 23.33 ± 0.50a | 20.84 ± 0.27a | < 0.001 |
| Nutrient intake | |||||
| Total kcal | 1516.14 ± 34.20 | 1452.36 ± 33.53 | 1403.05 ± 124.16 | 1295.56 ± 59.63a | 0.014 |
| Protein intake (g) | 48.72 ± 1.54 | 45.70 ± 1.57a | 49.29 ± 5.69 | 41.25 ± 2.75 | 0.107 |
| Family income | 0.161 | ||||
| Low | 155 (50.7%) | 193 (58.2%) | 15 (58.9%) | 36 (54.0%) | |
| Moderate-low | 72 (25.9%) | 62 (21.7%) | 3 (10.4%) | 25 (36.0%) | |
| Moderate-high | 33 (13.1%) | 32 (11.4%) | 4 (10.7%) | 5 (4.9%) | |
| High | 30 (10.3%) | 23 (8.7%) | 6 (20.1%) | 3 (5.1%) | |
| Education | 0.032 | ||||
| <Elementary | 237 (79.4%) | 284 (91.0%) | 20 (78.9%) | 61 (88.4%) | |
| Middle school | 25 (10.5%) | 14 (4.1%) | 5 (13.4%) | 3 (3.3%) | |
| High school | 24 (8.2%) | 9 (3.5%) | 3 (7.7%) | 5 (8.3%) | |
| >College | 6 (1.9%) | 6 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Smoking Status | 0.011 | ||||
| None | 276 (96.4%) | 281 (90.7%) | 26 (97.5%) | 59 (83.8%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 7 (2.1%) | 9 (2.5%) | 1 (2.5%) | 2 (3.2%) | |
| Current smoker | 7 (1.5%) | 18 (6.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (13.0%) | |
| Alcohol Drinking | 0.276 | ||||
| None | 180 (59.9%) | 219 (71.1%) | 21 (70.7%) | 49 (66.9%) | |
| Low risk drinking | 111 (39.5%) | 93 (28.0%) | 7 (29.3%) | 20 (33.1%) | |
| High risk drinking | 1 (0.6%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| PA (minute/week) | 73.54 ± 6.85 | 79.41 ± 7.29 | 45.40 ± 18.76 | 74.20 ± 15.49 | 0.404 |
| PA (group) | 0.849 | ||||
| Completely inactive | 171 (55.6%) | 171 (53.4%) | 18 (68.5%) | 40 (58.8%) | |
| Insufficiently active | 59 (20.9%) | 72 (23.3%) | 7 (20.1%) | 13 (19.8%) | |
| Physically active | 62 (23.5%) | 71 (23.3%) | 3 (11.5%) | 16 (21.4%) | |
| Walking | 139 (49.3%) | 138 (46.0%) | 17 (66.3%) | 35 (46.9%) | 0.378 |
| Stretching exercise | 123 (45.0%) | 90 (28.2%) | 15 (47.9%) | 19 (26.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Strengthening exercise | 37 (14.1%) | 25 (6.3%) | 3 (12.5%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.001 |
Weighted means and standard errors were used for continuous data, while frequencies with weighted percentages were used for categorical data. The p-values reflect overall differences in characteristics among the four osteosarcopenia phenotypes. BMI, Body mass index; OP, Osteoporosis; SP, Sarcopenia; OS, Osteosarcopenia
aStatistically significant difference from the neither OP nor SP group after post-hoc analysis using Bonferroni correction (P-value < 0.0167)