TABLE 3.

Univariate and Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated with Psychological QOL

	Univariate		Multivariable
Characteristic	Beta (95% CI)	p	Beta (95% CI)	p
Age	0.4 (0.2–0.5)	< 0.001	0.3 (0.1–0.5)	0.005*
Baseline BMI	0.4 (0.1–0.6)	0.008	0.4 (0.1–0.7)	0.022
Dominant arm affected	−2.8 (−5.9–0.4)	0.088
Race		0.6
White	—
Asian	0.19 (−4.8–5.2)
Black	1.7 (−2.5–6.0)
Hispanic	−4.6 (−12–3.0)
Other/unknown	−3.8 (−13–5.9)
Clinical T stage		0.2
1	—
2	−0.01 (−4.3–4.2)
3	−2.3 (−7.5–2.9)
4	4.2 (−1.2–9.5)
Unknown	4.1 (−9.4–18)
Clinical N stage		0.045
0	—		—	0.444
1	−2.8 (−6.3–0.78)		−5.4 (−12.3–1.5)
2	−5.2 (−16–5.4)		−7.0 (−21.5–7.5)
3	−8.4 (−14– −2.4)		−7.3 (−18.0–3.3)
Histology		0.4
Ductal	—
Lobular or mixed	−0.16 (−4.8–4.4)
Other	8.5 (−3.9–21)
Subtype		0.2
HR+/HER2–	—
HER2+	−3.4 (−7.4–0.54)
HR–/HER2–	0.05 (−5.0–5.1)
Type of surgery		0.6
Breast-conserving surgery	—
Mastectomy	−1.0 (−4.7–2.7)
Reconstruction		0.039
No reconstruction	—
Flap	−1.2 (−7.1–4.7)
Tissue expander	−5.2 (−9.5– −0.93)
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy	−3.4 (−6.8–0.0)	0.05	0.5 (−6.3–7.3)	0.883
No. lymph nodes removed	−0.05 (−0.27–0.17)	0.6
No. positive lymph nodes	−0.10 (−0.38–0.19)	0.5
Relative volume change	−0.13 (−0.40–0.14)	0.3
Baseline psychological QOL	0.30 (0.20–0.41)	< 0.001	0.3 (0.1–0.5)	0.001 *
Change in BMI	0.13 (−0.42–0.68)	0.6
Radiotherapy	−0.37 (−7.0–6.2)	> 0.9
Nodal radiotherapy	−0.41 (−6.8–5.9)	> 0.9
Referral to lymphedema therapy	−7.0 (−10– −3.8)	< 0.001	−5.8 (−10.0– −1.7)	0.006 *
Time		0.2
6 months	—
12 months	0.4 (−3.5–4.3)
18 months	1.8 (−2.7–6.4)
24 months	4.8 (−0.01–9.6)

^*Statistically significant p−value < 0.0167 as calculated using the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparison adjustment

QOL quality of life, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index, HR hormone receptor