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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 8.
Published in final edited form as: Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2022 Mar;87(1-3):7–188. doi: 10.1111/mono.12460

Figure 11.

Figure 11.

The association between birth mother low behavioral motivation, toddler low social motivation and adoptive mother and father hostility predicting parent reports of disruptive peer behavior at age 4.5 years. * p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001. From Elam et al., 2014.