Table 1. Material applications, brands, types, chemical compositions, manufacturers, and lot numbers used in the experiments.

Brand	Manufacturer	Application	Chemical composition	Fillers wt%	Lot no.
Vita Blocks Mark II	VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany	Machinable ceramics	Feldspar ceramic	–	D-79713
N-Etch	Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein	Tooth etching agent	37% Phosphoric acid	–	Y39063
Tetric N-bond universal	Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein	Light-curing single-component dental adhesive	Methacrylates, ethanol, water, highly dispersed silicon dioxide, initiator, and stabilizers	–	Z002G4
Ceram-Etch	iTENA, Villepinte, France	Ceramic etching gel	9% Buffered hydrofluoric acid gel	–	4187–35PFXE
Monobond N	Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein	Universal primer	Silane methacrylate, phosphoric acid methacrylate, and sulfide methacrylate	–	Y48877
Variolink Esthetic LC	Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein	Light-curing resin-based dental luting material	Urethane dimethacrylate, methacrylate monomers. Ytterbium trifluoride and spheroid mixed oxide inorganic fillers with 0.04–0.2 μm particle size are initiators, stabilizers, and pigments	38 wt%	Y38575
IPS Empress Direct	Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein	Light-curing resin-based dental restorative material	Dimethacrylates, barium glass filler, mixed oxide, Ba-Al-fluorosilicate glass, copolymer, initiators, stabilizers, and pigments	79.6 wt%	W93802