Table 1.

Codes and Definitions for Communication Modes and Types

Communication types
Communication mode	Types of communication	Definition
Verbal communication	Request action	Requesting/suggesting someone to do something (e.g. neurologist requesting paramedic to conduct specific evaluation tasks on patient eye movement, leg movement, arm movement, etc.)
	Request acknowledgment/repetition	Asking for repetition or confirmation if a previously given message was heard or a previously requested action was completed (e.g. neurologist asking paramedic to repeat their response to a previous question)
	Request information	Asking to for new/extra information about something, other than confirmation/repetition (e.g. neurologist directly asking paramedic or patient (if able) to provide information; neurologist asking paramedic for their observations of the patient during evaluation)
	Give acknowledgment/repetition	Giving acknowledgment that a previously received message was heard or that a previously requested action was completed; repeating/restating previously given information/request (e.g. paramedic repeating a previous sentence, or confirming a statement made by the neurologist)
	Give information	Giving new/extra information about something, other than confirmation/repetition (e.g. paramedic/patient giving information regarding demographic and history.)
	Give instruction	Providing specific information that would apply to other cases (e.g. neurologist providing paramedic with general instructions for conducting patient evaluation)
	Request instruction	Asking for specific information that would apply to other cases (e.g. paramedic asking neurologist to provide specific instructions for conducting evaluation)
Non-verbal communication	Instrument movement on screen	Interaction via instrument movements visible on the shared screen (e.g., pointing with an instrument)
	Camera view change	Interaction via changes or adjustments on camera position, zoom, focus, or angle
	Display indicators on screen	Interaction via changes of display indicators (e.g., when the vitals are changed by a nurse, the area of the screen with the vital sign flashes red for all other participants to indicate that the value was updated)
	Face-to-face interaction	Interaction via body, head, or hand position and movements (e.g. patient following paramedic’s instructions for eye, arm, leg movement were coded as face-to-face communication between patient and neurologist; or if the paramedic used thumbs up or nodded his head to indicate “yes” when communicating with the neurologist while looking at the ambulance camera)