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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 9.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Cancer. 2019 Jan 15;144(12):2918–2927. doi: 10.1002/ijc.32034

Table 4.

Associations between change in fuel use and lung cancer risk in a population-based case-control study of female never-smokers from Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China

Fuel use Cases Controls OR 95% CI Low 95% CI Up p Value
Never smoky coal users who lived in smokeless coal areas and ever used smokeless coal, wood, dung, gas, or electricity (reference) 13 38 1.00
Lifetime smoky coal users 603 89 19.64 9.95 38.77 9.2E-18
Smoky coal users at birth home who changed to smokeless coal, wood, dung, gas or electricity permanently 63 15 10.83 4.61 25.46 4.6E-081
Smokeless coal, wood, dung, gas or electricity users at birth home who changed to smoky coal permanently 33 22 4.74 2.03 11.04 3.2E-041
Other 319 329 2.75 1.42 5.31 2.6E-03

p-Values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Logistic regression model was adjusted for age and food sufficiency before marriage or age 20 years (surrogate for socioeconomic status) and presence of ventilation.

1

p = 0.04 for difference, determined by using the category “Smoky coal users at birth who changed to smokeless coal, wood, dung, gas or electricity permanently” as the referent.