Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion using modified PICO model

Selection criteria	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
P: population	Review or systematic review that examined the application of deep learning (DL) or its subfields such as machine learning in head and neck cancer (HNC)	Reviews that examine other subsites other than HNC. Reviews in other languages than English
I: intervention	Artificial intelligence and its subfield such as deep learning (DL) or machine learning (ML)	Traditional statistical method
C: comparison	Reviews that compared several articles using PRISMA guidelines	Non-systematic reviews (i.e. narrative reviews)
O: outcome	Examined the application of DL or ML for either diagnosis, prognosis, or both	General overview, editorial, narrative studies, and comments