Figure 1.

Adjusted rates of criminal-legal involvement by serious psychological distress and race/ethnicity, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2019 ^a,b,c

*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001

a. Regression model adjusted for the following covariates: age, sex, race/ethnicity, marriage status, education, insurance status, physical health status, substance use disorder, year

b. Criminal-legal involvement: experiencing any of the following: a lifetime arrest or conviction of a crime, past-year probation or parole, supervised release, or other conditional release from prison in the past year

c. Serious psychological distress: Kessler-6 (K6) scale scores ≥ 13

d. Within Difference: Difference between SPD and no SPD within racial/ethnic group

e. Difference-in-Difference: Difference between SPD and no SPD among Black (Latinx or Asian) adults minus the difference between SPD and no SPD among White adults