Table 2.
Pain and Catastrophizing Across Conditions
| Unwind (U) | White Noise (WN) | Favorite Music (FM) |
Effect Size
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | P Value | FM versus U | FM versus WN | U versus WN |
|
| |||||||
| QST | |||||||
| Forearm: pain pressure threshold*,† (lbs) | 6.69 (3.70) | 6.95 (3.78) | 7.88 (3.98) | <.001 | .43 | .39 | .11 |
| Forearm: pain pressure tolerance*,† (lbs) | 9.81 (4.65) | 10.08 (4.70) | 11.11 (4.72) | <.001 | .46 | .40 | .15 |
| Trapezius: pain pressure threshold* (lbs) | 10.68 (4.47) | 10.36 (4.49) | 11.13 (4.82) | .050 | .14 | .22 | .07 |
| Trapezius: pain pressure tolerance*,† (lbs) | 13.85 (4.63) | 13.70 (4.63) | 14.48 (4.57) | .011 | .28 | .27 | .02 |
| Heat pain threshold*,† (°C) | 41.12 (2.87) | 41.00 (3.30) | 41.81 (3.25) | .026 | .19 | .20 | .00 |
| Offset analgesia (T3-T1)*,† (change in NRS at T3-T1) | −1.20 (1.79) | −1.25 (1.82) | -0.60 (1.85) | .007 | .24 | .26 | .00 |
| Offset analgesia: time 1*,† (NRS) | 4.16 (.96) | 4.27 (1.89) | 3.45 (1.65) | <.001 | .28 | .36 | .03 |
| Offset analgesia: time 2*,† (NRS) | 5.58 (2.19) | 5.87 (2.12) | 5.09 (2.07) | <.001 | .24 | .35 | .14 |
| Offset analgesia: time 3 (NRS) | 2.96 (1.83) | 3.01 (2.06) | 2.85 (1.98) | .680 | .08 | .09 | .02 |
| Conditioned pain modulation (% change from PPTh) | 15.70% (24.62) | 13.53% (25.76) | 13.05% (20.37) | .453 | .03 | .09 | .04 |
| Pinprick temporal summation (10th-baseline NRS) | 2.53 (1.78) | 2.43 (1.82) | 2.32 (1.73) | .281 | .07 | .13 | .06 |
| Psychosocial | |||||||
| Situational pain catastrophizing*,† (range, 0–24) | 1.31 (2.30) | 1.61 (2.18) | 0.87 (1.85) | <.001 | .28 | .21 | .15 |
Abbreviations: QST, quantitative sensory tests; NRS, numerical rating scale; PPTh, pressure pain threshold.
*
Significant difference between the favorite music and white noise conditions (P < .05).
†
Significant difference between the favorite music and Unwind conditions (P < .05). Higher scores for threshold and tolerance reflect lower pain sensitivity. Lower scores on offset analgesia reflect lower pain scores given at the designated temperatures. Higher scores of CPM reflect greater modulation of pain (less sensitive), and higher scores on pinprick temporal summation reflect greater pain amplification.