Table 4.

Multivariable cumulative linked mixed-effects models (CLMM) analysis of factors associated with progression through the HIV cascade of care during 2005–2010 and 2011–2019.

	2005–2010		2011–2019
Characteristic	OR (95% CI)	p - value	OR (95% CI)	p - value
Homelessness ^a
(yes vs. no)	0.44 (0.30, 0.63)	<0.001	0.55 (0.44, 0.68)	<0.001
Age
(OR per year older)	1.16 (1.12, 1.20)	<0.001	1.06 (1.05, 1.08)	<0.001
Sex
(male vs. female)	1.55 (0.86, 2.79)	0.148	1.43 (1.06, 1.93)	0.018
Race and ethnicity
(White vs. BIPOC)	0.84 (0.48, 1.48)	0.540	1.13 (0.86, 1.49)	0.391
Education
(≥High school diploma vs. less)	0.67 (0.39, 1.16)	0.150	0.90 (0.69, 1.19)	0.471
Employment ^a
(yes vs. no)	0.85 (0.56, 1.29)	0.449	1.17 (0.96, 1.42)	0.126
Non-injection drug use ^a
(≥daily vs. <daily)	0.70 (0.50, 0.97)	0.034	0.69 (0.59, 0.81)	<0.001
Injection drug use ^a
(≥daily vs. <daily)	0.43 (0.30, 0.63)	<0.001	0.64 (0.53, 0.78)	<0.001
Hazardous alcohol use ^a
(yes vs. no)	0.98 (0.57, 1.69)	0.945	0.68 (0.53, 0.87)	0.003
Sex trade involvement ^a
(yes vs. no)	0.77 (0.42, 1.39)	0.382	1.09 (0.80, 1.49)	0.577
Incarceration ^a
(yes vs. no)	0.63 (0.39, 1.02)	0.062	1.15 (0.82, 1.60)	0.411
Time since baseline
(per year longer)	1.28 (1.14, 1.45)	<0.001	1.11 (1.07, 1.14)	<0.001

Notes: OR= odds ratio, CI= confidence interval, BIPOC=Black, Indigenous and people of colour,

Refers to activities in the 6 months prior to the follow-up interview, bold text refers to P-values <0.05.