Table 3.
Change in Main Study Variables
| Entire Sample | 5-Session PCST | 1-Session PCST | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 M (SD) | A2 M (SD) | M Within-Group Diff | A1 M (SD) | A2 M (SD) | M Within- Group Diff | A1 M (SD) | A2 M (SD) | M Within- Group Diff | M Between-Group Diff | |
| Pain Severity | 4.04 (1.73) | 2.92 (1.76) | 1 10*** 95% CI (.91,1.29) | 4.03 (1.81) | 2.70 (1.66) | 1.33*** 95% CI (1.06,1.60) | 4.04 (1.65) | 3.13 (184) | 88*** 95% CI (.61,1.15) | −.44* 95% CI (−.83,−.05) |
| Pain Medication Use | 3.02 (2.86) | 2.31 (2.66) | 72*** 95% CI (.40,1.04) | 2.90 (2.86) | 1.99 (2.58) | 92*** 95% CI (.49,1.34) | 3.14 (2.86) | 2.61 (2.70) | .53* 95% CI (.06,1.00) | −.62* 95% CI (−1.21,−.02) |
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||||||
| OTC | 87 (53.4) | 55 (37.7) | 90 (55.2) | 71 (45.8) | ||||||
| Opioid | 31 (19.0) | 16 (110) | 29 (17.8) | 20 (12.9) | ||||||
| Corticosteroid | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.7) | 6 (3.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||||||
| Anti-Epileptic | 16 (9.8) | 9 (6.2) | 14 (8.6) | 4 (2.6) | ||||||
| Anxiolytic | 19 (11.7) | 1 (0.7) | 29 (17.8) | 2 (1.3) | ||||||
| Pain Self-Efficacy | 62.37 (20.85) | 73.71 (19.92) | −11.38*** 95% CI (−13.83, −8.93) | 61.53 (21.28) | 76.44 (18.88) | −14 96*** 95% CI (−18.40, −11.52) | 63.21 (20.44) | 71.09 (20.59) | −7 91*** 95% CI (−11.35, − 4.47) | 5.35* 95% CI (−.90,9.80) |
| Coping Skills Use | - | 3.59 (1.07) | - | - | 3.72 (1.17) | - | - | 3.47 (0.96) | - | .25* 95% CI (.01,.49) |
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||||||
| Not at all | 3 (2.0) | 1 (0.6) | ||||||||
| One time | 3 (2.0) | 2 (1.3) | ||||||||
| A few days | 15 (10.0) | 19 (12.2) | ||||||||
| Several days | 36 (24.0) | 55 (35.3) | ||||||||
| Almost every day | 49 (32.7) | 59 (37.8) | ||||||||
| Every day | 44 (29.3) | 20 (12.8) | ||||||||
Note. PCST=Pain Coping Skills Training. M=mean; SD=standard deviation. Pain Medication Use answered on Yes vs. No scale. OTC=over-the-counter; M Within-Group Diff=difference from A1 to A2 on values of pain severity, pain medication use, and pain self-efficacy for entire sample, 5-Session PCST, and 1-Session PCST; M Between-Group Diff=difference on values of pain severity, pain medication use, pain self-efficacy, and coping skills use between 5-Session PCST and 1-Session PCST at A2; Coping Skills Use (mean and frequencies) was only assessed at A2.
***
p<.001;
**p<.01;
*
p<.05.