TABLE 1.
Characteristics and outcomes for CSFE versus IFE subcohorts.
| Characteristic | Clinically significant fetal edema | Isolated fetal edema | Test statistic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean maternal age—year (N, IQR, Std Dev)† | 31 (28, 27–35, 4.76) | 33 (42, 31–37, 5.24) | p = 0.2048 |
| Mean paternal age—year (N, IQR, Std Dev)† | 33 (28, 27–39, 8.40) | 36 (42, 31–39, 7.30) | p = 0.1618 |
| Nulliparous—no (N, %)° | 14 (28, 48.28) | 18 (42, 42.86) | p = 0.8087 |
| Use of ART—no (N, %)° | 1 (28, 3.45) | 9 (42, 21.43) | p = 0.0401 |
| Mean GA at diagnosis—week (N, IQR, Std Dev)‡ | 18 (23, 12–21, 5.77) | 11 (40, 11–12, 1.53) | p < 0.0001 |
| Microarray finding—no (N, %)° | 5 (29, 17.24) | 2 (41, 4.88) | p = 0.1175 |
| Prior pregnancy anomaly—no (N, %)° | 3 (29, 10.34) | 4 (42, 9.52) | p > 0.9999 |
| Parents′ consanguineous—no (N, %)° | 1 (29, 3.45) | 1 (42, 2.38) | p > 0.9999 |
| Prenatal phenotype—no (N, %)# | p < 0.0001 | ||
| Isolated nuchal edema | 6 (29, 20.69) | 39 (42, 92.86) | |
| Isolated non-nuchal fluid collection | 3 (29, 10.34) | 1 (42, 2.38) | |
| ≥2 abnormal fetal fluid collections | 20 (29, 68.97) | 2 (42, 4.76) | |
| Concurrent structural anomaly—no (N, %)° | 13 (28, 46.43) | 10 (42, 23.80) | p = 0.0693 |
| Fetal sex—no (N, %)° | p > 0.9999 | ||
| Female | 12 (29, 41.38) | 17 (42, 40.48) | |
| Male | 17 (29, 58.62) | 25 (42, 59.52) | |
| Maternal ancestry—no (N, %)° | p = 0.7783 | ||
| African | 2 (29, 6.90) | 5 (42, 11.90) | |
| Caucasian | 6 (29, 20.69) | 11 (42, 26.19) | |
| East Asian | 2 (29, 6.90) | 3 (42, 7.14) | |
| Hispanic | 8 (29, 27.59) | 15 (42, 35.71) | |
| Middle Eastern | 6 (29, 20.69) | 3 (42, 7.14) | |
| Mixed | 3 (29, 10.34) | 1 (42, 2.38) | |
| South Asian | 2 (29, 6.90) | 4 (42, 9.52) | |
| Maternal chr. hypertension—no (N, %)° | 1 (27, 3.70) | 3 (42, 7.14) | p > 0.9999 |
| Maternal diabetes—no (N, %)° | 0 (28, 0.00) | 3 (42, 7.14) | p = 0.2696 |
| Mean maternal BMI—(N, IQR, Std Dev)† | 25.14 (16, 22.08–26.08, 4.93) | 28.26 (40, 22.77–32.15, 6.99) | p = 0.1097 |
| Pregnancy outcome—no (N, %)° | p < 0.0001 | ||
| Live birth | 9 (29, 31.03) | 40 (42, 95.24) | |
| IAB | 12 (29, 41.38) | 2 (42, 4.76) | |
| IUFD | 5 (29, 17.24) | 0 (42, 0.00) | |
| Neonatal demise | 2 (29, 6.90) | 0 (42, 0.00) | |
| SAB | 1 (29, 3.45) | 0 (42, 0.00) | |
| Mean GA at live delivery—week (N, IQR, Std Dev)† | 35 (10, 33–38, 3.37) | 38 (40, 37–39, 1.97) | p = 0.0004 |
| Mean GA at pregnancy end—week (N, IQR, Std Dev)† | 29 (22, 23–36, 7.78) | 37 (42, 36–39, 4.94) | p < 0.0001 |
| Maternal preeclampsia spectrum—no (N, %)° | 5 (21, 23.81) | 2 (41, 2.38) | p = 0.0387 |
Note: Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding to the nearest two‐digit decimal place. Categorical variables are compared with Fisher's exact test ° and Chi‐square test#.
Continuous variables are compared between groups using an unpaired t-test† or Welch's t-test‡ for data with standard deviation greater than twofold in difference. Ancestry was as determined by genetic profiling.
Diabetes was type I or II, nongestational. Hypertension preceded pregnancy (chronic). Concurrent structural anomalies include those not related to abnormal fluid collection and diagnosed prenatally. Test statistics for fetal outcome and for ancestry are comparing live birth versus adverse outcome and Caucasian versus non-Caucasian, respectively. Pregnancy end includes all outcomes. All cases in this cohort were preeclampsia with severe features, or mirror syndrome though charts were reviewed for gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preeclampsia with severe features, superimposed preeclampsia, eclampsia, and mirror syndrome. Significant statistical values are in bold.
Abbreviations: ART, assisted reproductive technology; CSFE, clinically significant fetal edema; GA, gestational age; IAB, iatrogenic abortion; IFE, isolated fetal edema; IQR, interquartile range; IUFD, intrauterine fetal demise (after 20w); SAB, spontaneous abortion (prior to 20w); Std Dev, standard deviation.