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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Transplant Cell Ther. 2023 Mar 9;29(7):438.e1–438.e16. doi: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.03.006

Table 5.

Diagnostic alternatives to IEC-HS

Infectious Neoplastic Other
Bacterial infections

  • Bacteremia

  • Sepsis/septic shock

  • Endocarditis (including culture-negative)

  • Meningitis

  • Pneumonia

  • Other (e.g., peritonitis, pyelonephritis)

 Progressive underlying disease
Second malignant neoplasm EBV-PTLD		 CRS
Budd-Chiari
Pulmonary Emboli
Drug induced liver injury
DRESS
Viral Infections

  • Herpes virus infection/reactivation (HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV, HHV-6)

  • Adenovirus

  • Enterovirus

  • Hepatitis virus infection/reactivation (HAV, HBV, HCV, HEV)

  • Respiratory viruses

  • COVID-19

  • Parvovirus

  • HIV

Fungal

  • Invasive mold and yeast (e.g., candida, aspergillosis, zygomycosis)

  • Endemic mycosis (e.g., histoplasmosis)

  • PJP pneumonia

Vector borne

  • Tick borne (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, lyme, rickettsia)

  • Dengue

  • Malaria

Parasites

  • Toxoplasmosis

  • Strongyloidiasis

  • Leishmaniasis

Mycobacterial

  • Tuberculosis

  • Atypical or non-tuberculous mycobacteria

Abbreviations: CMV: cytomegalovirus; COVID-19: coronavirus-disease of 2019; CRS: cytokine release syndrome; DRESS: drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; HHV-6: human herpes virus-type 6; HAV: hepatitis A virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HEV: hepatitis E virus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HSV: herpes simplex virus; PTLD: post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease; VZV: varicella zoster virus. BOLD font indicates those that are most likely of concern