Fig 5: Direct LN immunotherapy promotes increased potency and modular protection against disease.

A) Schematic of intra-LN injection. Briefly, mice are injected with tracer dye at the tail base to visualize LNs. Particle suspensions are then directly injected into visibly LNs. B) Histology of particle-treated LN. Particles are depicted in green, B cells in blue, and T cells in red. C) Antigen specific CD8 T cell populations as a proportion of total CD8 cells measured using tetramer. Mice were treated with no treatment (naïve), sham, empty MP, or PolyIC MP with OVA. D) Schematic showing treatment regimens for one, two, and split LN treatments. E) IVIS imaging of contralateral LNs after treatment with either one LN (Cy5 PolyIC and FITC OVA) or split (Cy5 PolyIC Left, FITC OVA right). F) Cancer survival in mice treated intra-LN with formulations described in legend. Split formulations deliver antigen and adjuvant to contralateral LNs. One LN indicates full treatment formulation in one LN, while Two LN indicates full treatment formulation to both LNs. G) Histological analysis of particle treated LN depicting MPs (red) loaded with FITC-MOG (green) with B cells (blue) and T cells (white). H) Clinical score of mice treated at peak disease with MOG/Rapa MPs or a control intra-LN. I) Diabetes-free survival of mice treated iLN with Empty, Rapa, antigen (p31 or NRP-V7), or antigen-rapa MPs. J) Allograft survival of transplanted pancreatic islets of mice treated with empty, rapa, alloantigen (Ea), or alloantigen-rapa MPs.