Table 1.
Univariate incidence rates of asthma with recurrent exacerbations (ARE) per 1000 person-years among children in the U.S. ECHO program
| Characteristic | N | Person-years | Number of cases | IR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All subjects | 17246 | 121340 | 734 | 6.07 (5.63, 6.51) |
| Time of surveillance | ||||
| 1990–1999 | 1432 | 2428 | 5 | 2.06 (0, 4.17)* |
| 2000–2009 | 5795 | 20115 | 108 | 5.35 (4.34, 6.35) |
| 2010–2022 | 14640 | 98238 | 569 | 5.84 (5.36, 6.32) |
| Decade born | ||||
| 1990–1999 | 1750 | 10966 | 47 | 4.18 (2.97, 5.40) |
| 2000–2009 | 5170 | 51426 | 311 | 5.96 (5.29, 6.62) |
| 2010–2017 | 10326 | 58948 | 376 | 6.4 (5.75, 7.04) |
| Child age (years) | ||||
| 2–4 | 17246 | 73282 | 346 | 18.55 (16.59, 20.52) |
| 5–9 | 11466 | 34891 | 277 | 4.90 (4.32, 5.47) |
| 10–19 | 3369 | 13167 | 111 | 2.41 (1.96, 2.86) |
| Child race and ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 8996 | 63157 | 259 | 4.10 (3.60, 4.60) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3069 | 23456 | 280 | 11.99 (10.59, 13.40) |
| Hispanic White | 1703 | 10586 | 43 | 3.85 (2.69, 5.00) |
| Hispanic Black | 214 | 1412 | 16 | 11.42 (5.81, 17.03) |
| Other | 3264 | 22729 | 136 | 6.13 (5.09, 7.16) |
| Census region | ||||
| West | 5198 | 37598 | 88 | 2.27 (1.80, 2.74) |
| Northeast | 3149 | 21334 | 183 | 8.57 (7.32, 9.82) |
| Midwest | 3802 | 29877 | 224 | 7.51 (6.52, 8.49) |
| South | 3500 | 225101 | 190 | 8.17 (7.00, 9.34) |
| Child sex | ||||
| Female | 8129 | 57567 | 295 | 5.14 (4.56, 5.73) |
| Male | 9117 | 63774 | 439 | 6.90 (6.26, 7.55) |
| Parental history of asthma | ||||
| None | 6941 | 49031 | 179 | 3.69 (3.15, 4.23) |
| Either or both | 5688 | 38929 | 459 | 11.82 (10.74, 12.90) |
Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; ECHO= Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes; IR=incidence rates
Epidemiological characteristics were determined at birth except for Time of surveillance and Child age. N=1597 participants were missing data on Census region; N=4617 participants were missing data on Parental history of asthma. N= 3577 (63%) of the participants with either or both parents reporting history of asthma were from maternal historical data only. Child age and Time of surveillance is at time of ascertainment. Other child race and ethnicity refers to all categories that do not fit into the mutually exclusive categories described. This includes children who list race as anything other than White or Black, list multiple races, or self-select “don’t know” or “other” on their forms. Geographical representation is demonstrated in Figure 2.
Indicates bootstrapped confidence interval and no fixed effect controlling for cohort due to lack of model convergence.