Table 1:
Differentially expressed genes in LN229 vs. U87 co-cultures compared to mono-sphere cultures without astrocytes. Higher Log FC = more expression in LN229.
| LN229 vs. U87 Co-cultures | LN229 vs. U87 Mono-Spheres | Δlog FC (Co vs. Mono) | Notes | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene | Log FC | p value | Log FC | p value | |||
| CA9 | −3.9 | 0* | −35.9 | 0* | ↑ | -metabolic, increased in hypoxia; regulated by EGFR, STAT3 -associated w/increased GB invasion |
44 |
| FPR1 | −9.1 | 0* | −30.2 | 0* | ↑ | -inflammatory signaling; regulates STAT3, HIF-1a -increases GB invasion and cell survival |
45 |
| HGF | −2.3 | 0* | −36.8 | 0* | ↑ | -cytokine; only ligand for MET -enhanced GB cell survival, invasion, motility |
46 |
| IL7R | −26.6 | 2.6E-07 | −4.1 | 0* | - | -cytokine receptor; adaptive immune system -reduces % of infiltrating cancer cells |
47 |
| KLRG1 | −2.0 | 0.0038 | −28.5 | 9.5E-06 | ↑ | -immune checkpoint receptor; activated by E and N Cadherin ligands -inhibits immune response to cancer |
48 |
| TMPRSS2 | −30.2 | 0* | 4.2 | 0.023 | - | -transmembrane serine protease -associated with viral entry, prostate cancer -expressed by neurovascular astrocytes -regulates invasion and metastasis via HGF/MET activation |
49, 50 |
| CCR1 | −29.8 | 5.6E-12 | NS | - | -chemokine receptor for CCL5; regulates immune cell recruitment -upregulated at infiltrating GB tumor margin |
51 | |
| EDN1 | −2.5 | 5.6E-06 | NS | - | -vasoconstrictor; regulated by VEGF and ID1 -angiogenesis in GB |
52 | |
| HLA-DQA1 | −2.2 | 0* | NS | - | -immunoregulatory, part of MHC-II complex -high expression associated w/positive response to VEGF inhibitors |
53 | |
| KLRD1 | 2.6 | 0.034 | NS | ↑ | -immune response; NK-cell receptor -immunosuppressive via HLA-E binding |
54 | |
| KRT17 | −33.7 | 0* | NS | - | -intermediate filament; inhibits tumor suppressors -low in GB |
55 | |
| LAMC2 | −2.2 | 3.6E-09 | NS | - | -component of ECM protein laminin; associated with vasculogenic mimicry -highly expressed in U87/U251 cells |
56 | |
| NKX3–1 | −2.1 | 7.4E-05 | NS | - | -transcription factor -regulates the PI3K-AKT pathway; tumor suppressor -no known GB studies |
57 | |
| OAS2 | −24.7 | 8.6E-09 | NS | - | -regulates immunosuppression -increased in recurrent GB; drives stem-like behaviors |
58 | |
*
p value was <1E-12. NS = not significant.