Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics
| Baseline (n = 322) | 6-week follow-up (n = 285) | 3-month follow-up (n = 213) | 1-year follow-up (n = 281) | 3-year follow-up (n = 248) | 10-year follow-up (n = 111) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years: mean (s.d.) | 29.7 (8.79) | |||||
| Gender (male), n (%) | 217 (60.8%) | |||||
| Education, years: mean (s.d.) | 10.23 (3.28) | |||||
| Family history of psychosis, n (%) | 76 (21.3%) | |||||
| Low socioeconomic status, n (%) | 176 (49.3%) | |||||
| Unmarried, n (%) | 265 (74.2%) | |||||
| Unemployed, n (%) | 145 (40.6%) | |||||
| DUI, months: mean (s.d.) | 19.46 (34.9) | |||||
| DUP, months: mean (s.d.) | 10.4 (22.99) | |||||
| SANS total, mean (s.d.) | 12.03 (13.86) | 7.21 (10.13) | 6.60 (9.22) | 7.18 (12.21) | 4.28 (9.05) | 10.47 (14.95) |
| SAPS total, mean (s.d.) | 26.28 (12.19) | 4.53 (7.32) | 1.93 (5.15) | 1.62 (5.01) | 0.99 (3.06) | 1.88 (5.72) |
| Positive symptoms, mean (s.d.) | 7.33 (2.46) | 2.10 (2.52) | 0.95 (1.99) | 0.71 (1.80) | 0.76 (1.8) | 0.93 (1.99) |
| Negative symptoms, mean (s.d.) | 4.14 (5.13) | 3.71 (4.46) | 3.89 (4.47) | 3.65 (4.73) | 3.12 (4.84) | 4.38 (4.96) |
| Disorganised symptoms, mean (s.d.) | 6.62 (3.54) | 1.25 (2.30) | 0.53 (1.56) | 0.36 (1.27) | 0.45 (1.58) | 0.50 (1.67) |
| Change in SANS score between baseline and final follow-up period, mean (s.d.) | 5.01 (17.70) | |||||
| Change in SAPS score between baseline and final follow-up period, mean (s.d.) | 25.51 (12.34) | |||||
| DAS, mean (s.d.) | 1.45 (1.51) | 1.50 (1.28) | 1.22 (1.35) | 1.09 (1.37) | 0.98 (1.14) | |
| CDSS, mean (s.d.) | 2.25 (3.19) | 1.43 (2.77) | 1.58 (3.13) | 0.60 (1.56) | 0.54 (1.63) | 0.87 (2.34) |
| Change in CDSS score between baseline and final follow-up period, mean (s.d.) | 1.64 (4.27) | |||||
| Simpson–Angus Scale, mean (s.d.) | 0.42 (1.06) | 1.11 (2.19) | 0.89 (2.02) | 0.04 (1.10) | 0.44 (1.34) | 0.82 (1.57) |
| Change in Simpson–Angus score between baseline and final follow-up period, mean (s.d.) | −0.25 (2.10) | |||||
| Antipsychotic dose, CPZeq: mean (s.d.) | 194.72 (81.11) | 389.97 (159.45) | 323.63 (156.70) | 239.45 (168.54) | 255.01 (194.93) | 394.97 (212.08) |
| Change in antipsychotic dose, CPZeq: mean (s.d.) | ||||||
| Attention, mean (s.d.) | −2.08 (3.76) | −1.75 (3.85) | −1.76 (3.85) | −1.71 (4.14) | ||
| Verbal memory, mean (s.d.) | −2.35 (1.38) | −1.98 (1.49) | −2.01 (1.46) | −1.99 (1.38) | ||
| Visual memory, mean (s.d.) | −0.54 (0.98) | −0.01 (1.06) | −0.37 (0.96) | −0.62 (0.87) | ||
| Processing speed, mean (s.d.) | −1.41 (1.11) | −0.90 (1.26) | −1.03 (1.20) | −0.68 (1.11) | ||
| Working memory, mean (s.d.) | −0.48 (0.88) | −0.36 (0.88) | −0.47 (0.82) | −0.54 (0.82) | ||
| Executive function, mean (s.d.) | −1.12 (1.94) | −0.84 (1.92) | −0.90 (2.25) | −0.82 (1.91) | ||
| Motor dexterity, mean (s.d.) | −1.11 (2.34) | −0.74 (2.38) | −0.68 (1.67) | −1.22 (2.64) | ||
| GCF, mean (s.d.) | 1.33 (0.95) | 1.06 (0.95) | 1.04 (0.91) | 1.04 (0.94) | ||
| Change in GCF score between baseline and final follow-up period, mean (s.d.) | 0.39 (0.76) | |||||
| Expressivity, mean (s.d.) | 2.88 (5.38) | 1.98 (4.02) | 1.71 (3.67) | 2.23 (4.89) | 1.51 (4.09) | 3.33 (5.35) |
| Experiential, mean (s.d.) | 4.50 (7.18) | 3.68 (5.54) | 4.55 (6.76) | 4.24 (6.62) | 2.85 (5.60) | 4.97 (7.33) |
| Attention (derived from SANS factor analyses), mean (s.d.) | 3.32 (3.3) | 1.03 (1.85) | 0.69 (1.68) | 0.48 (1.40) | 0.55 (1.46) | 0.56 (1.80) |
| Change in expressivity score between baseline and final follow-up period, mean (s.d.) | 0.80 (7.63) | |||||
| Change in experiential score between baseline and final follow-up period, mean (s.d.) | 0.86 (7.96) | |||||
| Change in attention score between baseline and final follow-up period, mean (s.d.) | 3.03 (3.78) |
DUI, duration of untreated illness; DUP, duration of untreated psychosis; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; DAS, Disability Assessment Schedule; CDS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; CPZeq, chlorpromazine equivalents; GCF, global cognitive functioning.