Table 1.
Mean serum concentrations of amino acids, amino acid derivates and ammonium compounds analysed by Di-MS in kittens pre-gonadectomy (week −1) and post-gonadectomy (week 12) following supplementation with additional choline at 300 mg/kg BW0·75 (CHOLINE, n 8) for 12 weeks compared to a control group (CONTROL, n 7) fed only the base diet (3310 mg choline/kg DM)
| Week | CHOLINE (n 8) | CONTROL (n 7) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolites (µM) | LSM | sem | LSM | sem | P Group | P Time | P Group × Time | ||
| Amino acids | Alanine | –1 | 447·35 | 41·91 | 451·79 | 39·18 | 0·48 | 0·22 | 0·37 |
| 12 | 534·68 | 465·08 | |||||||
| Arginine | –1 | 181·72 | 15·85 | 225·18 | 17·04 | 0·72 | 0·58 | 0·06 | |
| 12 | 229·97 | 197·89 | |||||||
| Asparagine | –1 | 45·69A | 5·56 | 50·63A | 5·96 | 0·89 | 0·03 | 0·32 | |
| 12 | 65·70B | 59·00B | |||||||
| Aspartic acid | –1 | 58·04 | 5·96 | 66·77A | 6·39 | 0·50 | 0·11 | 0·04 | |
| 12 | 61·05 | 43·10B | |||||||
| Citrulline | –1 | 24·96 | 2·28 | 26·52 | 2·45 | 0·99 | 0·15 | 0·50 | |
| 12 | 30·01 | 28·45 | |||||||
| Glutamine | –1 | 609·9A | 56·97 | 756·26A | 61·53 | 0·36 | 0·002 | 0·18 | |
| 12 | 895·56B | 884·97B | |||||||
| Glutamic acid | –1 | 159·16Ac | 6·99 | 185·53Ad | 7·53 | 0·27 | < 0·001 | 0·04 | |
| 12 | 119·25B | 108·66B | |||||||
| Glycine | –1 | 450·00 | 24·91 | 483·00 | 26·73 | 0·59 | 0·06 | 0·08 | |
| 12 | 447·25 | 383·86 | |||||||
| Histidine | –1 | 96·48A | 8·06 | 112·50A | 8·68 | 0·85 | 0·01 | 0·09 | |
| 12 | 142·45B | 130·25B | |||||||
| Isoleucine | –1 | 60·00 | 5·61 | 65·63 | 6·03 | 0·64 | 0·33 | 0·15 | |
| 12 | 74·38 | 62·63 | |||||||
| Leucine | –1 | 131·16 | 14·55 | 152·61 | 15·68 | 0·82 | 0·12 | 0·09 | |
| 12 | 180·20 | 150·56 | |||||||
| Lysine | –1 | 169·94A | 14·26 | 193·21A | 15·34 | 0·85 | 0·01 | 0·08 | |
| 12 | 236·44B | 206·64B | |||||||
| Methionine | –1 | 48·13A | 4·70 | 50·64 | 5·05 | 0·06 | 0·02 | 0·01 | |
| 12 | 74·61Bc | 49·69d | |||||||
| Ornithine | –1 | 25·79 | 2·95 | 28·54 | 3·17 | 0·82 | 0·60 | 0·24 | |
| 12 | 30·93 | 26·51 | |||||||
| Phenylalanine | –1 | 75·19 | 7·04 | 84·43 | 7·55 | 0·96 | 0·05 | 0·19 | |
| 12 | 99·85 | 89·81 | |||||||
| Proline | –1 | 140·38 | 12·68 | 155·90 | 13·67 | 0·39 | 0·95 | 0·04 | |
| 12 | 170·21c | 127·72d | |||||||
| Serine | –1 | 147·19A | 13·15 | 155·22 | 14·12 | 0·17 | 0·39 | 0·04 | |
| 12 | 189·06Bc | 136·89d | |||||||
| Threonine | –1 | 119·77A | 14·62 | 134·95A | 15·71 | 0·81 | 0·01 | 0·21 | |
| 12 | 183·33B | 159·93B | |||||||
| Tyrosine | –1 | 46·64A | 6·23 | 59·73A | 6·72 | 0·29 | 0·04 | 0·46 | |
| 12 | 65·09B | 68·73B | |||||||
| Tryptophan | –1 | 85·82 | 7·10 | 102·15 | 7·61 | 0·60 | 0·35 | 0·16 | |
| 12 | 107·41 | 97·45 | |||||||
| Valine | –1 | 177·41 | 15·88 | 198·24 | 17·06 | 0·97 | 0·07 | 0·19 | |
| 12 | 230·04 | 206·81 | |||||||
| Total amino acids | –1 | 3074·25 | 242·74 | 3604·32 | 262·21 | 0·68 | 0·12 | 0·11 | |
| 12 | 3868·49 | 3594·05 | |||||||
| Amino acid derivatives | Total methylhistidine | –1 | 33·23A | 2·61 | 37·08 | 2·81 | 0·42 | 0·25 | 0·03 |
| 12 | 42·77Bc | 33·75d | |||||||
| Creatine | –1 | 12·85 | 1·55 | 14·05 | 1·34 | 0·54 | 0·49 | 0·18 | |
| 12 | 16·08 | 13·02 | |||||||
| Betaine | –1 | 166·75A | 37·30 | 210·29 | 40·27 | 0·005 | 0·001 | <0·001 | |
| 12 | 515·12Bc | 155·86d | |||||||
| Ammonium compounds | Choline | –1 | 19·61 | 1·56 | 21·22A | 1·67 | 0·98 | 0·04 | 0·42 |
| 12 | 16·28 | 14·59B | |||||||
LSM, least square means.
Rows or columns with no superscript indicates no significant differences for the measured parameter.
Down a column, different upper-case superscript letters (A, B) denote significant differences (P < 0·05) following a Tukey’s post hoc analysis within group (CHOLINE or CONTROL) over time (week −1 to week 12).
Across a row, different lower-case letters (c, d) denote significant differences (P < 0·05) following a Tukey’s post hoc analysis between groups (CHOLINE and CONTROL) at one time point (week −1 or week 12).