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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 24.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Sci. 2023 Jan 24;24(1):186–197. doi: 10.1007/s11121-022-01483-0

Table 3.

Means and standard deviations for mothers and fathers at each timepoint

Mothers M (SD)
Fathers M (SD)
Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4 Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4

Positive parenting
 PAQ 42.62 (7.30) 42.00 (5.92) 41.87 (6.06) 42.29 (6.07) 41.45 (5.74) 40.91 (6.26) 40.58 (6.86) 40.92 (7.14)
 ReACCT −7.75 (9.16) −7.78 (9.02) −9.27 (8.93) −10.62 (9.23) −7.62 (9.14) −9.14 (9.12) −9.44 (9.37) −10.87 (10.39)
 PARYC 44.17 (5.64) 43.34 (7.12)
 PARQ 31.36 (2.17) 30.77 (2.55)
Abuse risk
 AAPI-2 101.97 (18.66) 99.87 (22.22) 98.77 (22.20) 91.28 (21.34) 106.51 (19.28) 103.70 (19.96) 102.25 (19.52) 94.78 (20.38)
 CAPI 95.54 (75.15) 85.42 (70.43) 91.18 (78.02) 82.91 (71.71) 86.34 (58.91) 72.93 (60.32) 76.24 (19.52) 67.16 (51.09)
Parent resources
 SSRI 41.66 (7.30) 41.74 (7.03) 40.16 (8.23) 42.67 (7.77) 40.90 (7.61) 40.62 (8.15) 39.34 (8.75) 42.01 (8.39)
 CSES 97.64 (21.95) 98.60 (22.78) 96.66 (25.67) 96.51 (24.03) 104.00 (20.40) 105.01 (22.95) 101.94 (23.13) 103.47 (19.78)
 NMRS 64.67 (16.67) 65.23 (18.24) 65.44 (18.43) 61.84 (18.92) 63.38 (17.11) 66.14 (15.90) 66.52 (16.88) 59.93 (17.54)
Parent empathy
 IRI-PT 26.58 (4.77) 27.21 (5.13) 26.97 (4.63) 27.76 (5.32) 26.18 (4.58) 26.20 (4.78) 26.38 (4.67) 27.05 (4.85)
 IRI-EC 29.17 (4.29) 28.87 (4.62) 28.49 (4.62) 29.63 (4.56) 26.84 (4.61) 26.30 (4.67) 26.45 (4.34) 27.00 (5.11)
 PEM 111.36 (9.01) 107.10 (8.98)
 EMPAT-EA 17.49 (1.76) 16.98 (1.82)
 EMPAT-ES 17.85 (2.03) 17.41 (2.47)
 PEQS 64.68 (6.60) 61.23 (7.69)

PAQ Parental Authority Questionnaire, Authoritative scale, ReACCT Response Analog to Child Compliance Task, Compliance scale, PARYC Parenting Young Children, Supporting Positive Behavior scale, PARQ Parental Acceptance and Rejection Questionnaire, Parental Warmth scale, AAPI-2 Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory, Total score, CAPI Child Abuse Potential Inventory, Abuse scale, SSRI Social Support Resources Index, Total score, CSES Coping Self-efficacy Scale, Total, NMRS Negative Mood Regulation Scale, Total Score, IRI-PT Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Perspective Taking scale, IRI-EC Empathic Concern scale, PEM Parental Empathy Measure, Total score, EMPAT-EA Empathy Measure for Parents Analog Task, Emotion Audio Total, EMPAT-ES EMPAT-Emotion Script Total, PEQS Parent Emotion Quotient Short, Total