Table 4.

Path analyses with standardized coefficients predicting mothers’ and fathers’ Time 4 scores

	Mothers						Fathers
	Time 1		Time 2		Time 3		Time 1		Time 2		Time 3
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
Positive parenting → T4 positive parenting	.292	.001	.379	.000	.456	.000	.442	.000	.424	.000	.952	.000
Abuse risk → T4 positive parenting	.047	.707	−.066	.579	.038	.696	−.063	.685	−.018	.912	.043	.326
Parent resources → T4 positive parenting	−.017	.885	.117	.266	.161	.094	.354	.003	.259	.014	−.015	.784
Parent empathy → T4 positive parenting	.282	.001	.137	.144	.156	.098	.079	.422	.019	.895	−.078	.081
Positive parenting → T4 abuse risk	.081	.224	.053	.448	.028	.663	.057	.631	−.110	.174	.088	.539
Abuse risk → T4 abuse risk	.688	.000	.721	.000	.751	.000	.706	.000	.711	.000	.211	.068
Parent resources → T4 abuse risk	−.036	.650	−.134	.105	−.018	.812	.139	.158	.013	.889	−.036	.823
Parent empathy → T4 abuse risk	−.024	.763	.117	.164	−.066	.372	−.231	.007	−.036	.712	.385	.003
Positive parenting → T4 parent resources	−.093	.305	−.053	.531	−.152	.033	.002	.988	.106	.262	−.087	.221
Abuse risk → T4 parent resources	−.057	.647	− .122	.295	−.103	.336	−.075	.661	−.235	.027	.106	.285
Parent resources → T4 parent resources	.428	.000	.662	.000	.526	.000	.611	.000	.483	.000	.779	.000
Parent empathy → T4 parent resources	.191	.030	−.041	.642	.142	.170	.250	.011	.105	.383	−.079	.421
Positive parenting → T4 parent empathy	.095	.201	.114	.212	.192	.009	.131	.156	.335	.000	−.072	.612
Abuse risk → T4 parent empathy	−.061	.617	−.161	.132	−.016	.872	−.292	.016	−.071	.655	−.065	.607
Parent resources → T4 parent empathy	−.034	.724	−.096	.320	.078	.434	.177	.140	.181	.074	−.136	.239
Parent empathy → T4 parent empathy	.390	.000	.382	.000	.361	.000	.403	.000	.308	.006	.585	.000

Bolded values are statistically significant. Italicized values are only marginally significant (p < .10). All models include SES as a covariate