Table 1. Neoadjuvant therapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors for MSI-H/dMMR rectal cancer: case reports.
| Reference | n | Stage | MMR status | Previous treatment | Immunotherapy | Response | Strategy | Median follow-up (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang J et al. (10), 2019 | 2 | III | Loss of MSH2 and MSH6 (n=2) | No (n=1); FOLFOXIRI (n=1) | Nivolumab (n=2) | cCR (n=1); cCR and pCR (n=1) |
Watch and Wait (n=1); TME (n=1) |
12 |
| Demisse R et al. (11), 2020 | 3 | II–III | Loss of MSH2 and MSH6 (n=1); loss PMS2 (n=2) |
No (n=2); FOLFOX followed by CRT with capecitabine (n=1) |
Pembrolizumab + FOLFOX (n=1); pembrolizumab (n=1); nivolumab + ipilimumab (n=1) |
pCR (n=1); cCR (n=1); cCR (n=1) |
TME (n=1); Watch and Wait (n=2) |
12 |
| Mans L et al. (12), 2020 | 1 | III | Loss of MSH2 (n=1) | No | Nivolumab + ipilimumab and then nivolumab adjuvant (n=1) | cCR and pCR (n=1) | TME (n=1) | 6 |
| Liu DX et al. (13), 2020 | 4 | III | dMMR (n=4) | No | Pembrolizumab + CAPOX (n=1); pembrolizumab + ipilimumab (n=1); nivolumab (n=1); pembrolizumab (n=1) |
cPR and pCR (n=1); cCR (n=1); cPR and pCR (n=1); cPR and pCR (n=1) |
TME (n=3); Watch and Wait (n=1) | NR |
| Trojan J et al. (14), 2021 | 1 | III | Loss of MSH2 and MSH6 (n=1) | No | Nivolumab + ipilimumab (n=1) | cCR and pCR (n=1) | TME | NR |
| Wang Q et al. (15), 2021 | 10 | I (n=1); II (n=3); III (n=6) |
dMMR (n=10) | No | Anti PD-1 (NR) | cCR (n=10) | Watch and Wait (n=10) | 11.6 |
MSI-H/dMMR, microsatellite instability-high/deficient mismatch repair; MMR, mismatch repair; FOLFOXIRI, fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and irinotecan; cCR, clinical complete response; pCR, pathological complete response; TME, total mesorectal excision; FOLFOX, fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and leucovorin; CRT, chemoradiotherapy; CAPOX, capecitabine and oxaliplatin; PD-1, anti-programmed death-1; NR, not reported.