Fig. 4. Different strategies of chemical grafting onto surfaces formed multifunctional biomaterials. (a) Schematic depiction of different strategies of chemical grafting onto surfaces: (i) grafting-to, (ii) grafting-from, and (iii) grafting-through approaches consisting of the attachment step and further chain growth. (b) (ii) illustration of the two-staged iCVD process of gPVP coating and the molecular structures of VP, EGDA, and TBP. (c) Schematic of the fabricated surface with multiple biofunctions. (d) Schematic illustration of the zwitterionic surface grafting on versatile substrates of ceramic, metal, and plastics. (e) Illustration of liposome-surface-initiated ATRP. (f) Preparation of surface-modified polymer microparticles. These are reprinted with permission from Sun et al. (2020, Macromol. Rapid. Commun.), Abdel-Rahman et al. (2022, Int. J. Biol. Macromol.), Zhao et al. (2019, ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.), Chou et al. (2016, Acta Biomater.), Masuda et al. (2019, Langmuir), Alvarez-Paino et al. (2019, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces), respectively.